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Science > Chemistry C1 + C2 > Flashcards

Chemistry C1 + C2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What charge do protons give to a nucleus?

A

Positive

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2
Q

What charges are electrons?

A

Negative

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3
Q

What is the relationship between protons and electrons?

A

The amount of protons = the number of electrons

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4
Q

What describes at atom?

A

Its atomic and mass number

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5
Q

How are an atomic and mass number determined?

A

The amount of protons tells you the atomic number

The amount of protons and neutrons combined tells you the masw number

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6
Q

What defines an element?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number

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7
Q

How are atoms abbreviated?

A

Through symbols such as O = oxygen and Na = sodium etc..

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8
Q

What are isotopes

A

Different forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons .

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9
Q

Is relative atomic mass calculated

A 
Sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number)
/ sum of abundances of all isotopes
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10
Q

Compounds

A

Atoms that join together to produce a chemically bonded combination of elements

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11
Q

How do formulas show what atoms are in a compound?

A

It shows the combination of element and the reactant that comes from it. For example carbon (C) + oxygen (O) = CO2.

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12
Q

How do chemical equations show chemical changes?

A

They show the change in atoms and what they have formed. For example methane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

Why do symbol equations need to be balanced and why are they balanced?

A

They need the same number of atoms on both sides. If the equation is balanced it will make sense as the same atoms have been produced from before - no atoms can be lost or gained.

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14
Q

What is the simplest way of seperating substances?

A

Chromatography

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15
Q

How are insoluble solids separated from liquids?

A

Through filtration

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16
Q

What are two ways soluble solids can be separated from solutions?

A

Evaporation and crystallisation

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17
Q

What methods of separation are used to separate rock salt.

A

Filtration and crystallisation.

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18
Q

What separates out two simple solutions?

A

Simple distillation

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19
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

The mixing of liquids

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20
Q

What did Rutherford’s plumb pudding model suggest?

A

Particles can penetrate through the area surrounding a nucleus but some deflected. When particular atoms strike the nucleus (as it is so concentrated and positively charged.

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21
Q

What does the nuclear model suggest?

A

Electrons form in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom. Surrounding the nucleus in ‘shells’. It states that electrons orbit around these fixed shells.

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22
Q

What are the rules of electrons shells?

A

1) the lowest energy levels are always filled first 2) only a certain number of electrons can fill up each shell - 2,8,8 3) atoms are much happier when there shells are filled 4) if the outer shell is not full then the atom will want to react in order to fill it.

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23
Q

How were elements categorised up until recently?

A

1) their physical and chemical properties and 2) their relative atomic mass.

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24
Q

How did Dmitri Mendeleev develop the Periodic table?

A

He put elements in order of atomic mass with a few exceptions

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25
Q

Why were there gaps left in the periodic table?

A

As there were some elements which were undiscovered, and when they were discovered fitted Mandeleev’s theory.

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26
Q

What did isotopes suggest about Mandeleev’s theory?

A

That he was correct not to put elements in order of atomic mass but to also take into account their properties.

27
Q

What does the periodic table allow you to do?

A

It divides metals and non metals and also organises elements inti groups of electrons in the elements outer shell

28
Q

What positive ions do metals form?

A

Metals

29
Q

What is the difference in physical properties of both metals and non metals

A

Metals are hard and brittle which conduct heat and electricity, non - metals are the opposite they arent usually solids nor conduct electricity.

30
Q

What type of metals or group 1 elements

A

Soft reactive metals

31
Q

What metals form with ionic compounds

A

Alkali metals, group 1 elements form 1+ ions

32
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react with water

A

The elements produce hydrogen gas

33
Q

What happens when group 1 elements react with chlorine

A

A salt

34
Q

When group 1 metals react with oxygen what do they produce

A

Oxides

35
Q

What are halogens

A

What the group 7 metals are known as halogens which are non metals with coloured vapours

36
Q

What happens to halogens as you go down the group

A

They become less reactive, have a higher melting and boiling points, and a higher relative atomic mass.

37
Q

How do halogens form molecular compounds

A

By sharing electrons with other non metals to form a full outer shell.

38
Q

What will happen to less reactive halogens

A

More reactive halogens will displace them

39
Q

Are group 0s atoms bonded

A

No

40
Q

Do all elements in group 0 have eight electrons in their outer shell

A

Yes

41
Q

What happens as you go down the reactivity series of group 0

A

The boiling points increase, and relative atomic mass increases. The intermolecular forces also become greater due to the increase in boiling point.

42
Q

How are ions formed?

A

By the transfer of Electrons

43
Q

Which groups are most likely to form ions

A

Group 1&2 and 6&7 because 1&2 are metals which lose electrons to form positive ions and 6&7 are non metals which gain electrons to form negative ions.

44
Q

What does ionic bonding involve?

A

The transfer of electrons

45
Q

How do dot and cross diagrams show how ionic compounds are formed

A

They show the arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion. Each electron is represented by a dot or a cross.

46
Q

What is the composition of a solid like?

A

Made of strong forces of attraction, fixed together, with closely joined particles

47
Q

What is the composition of a liquid like?

A

In liquids there is a weak force of attraction between the particles. They are free to move past each other. They also tend to stick closely together. The particles are constantly moving with random motion .

48
Q

What is the composition of gases like?

A

They have very weak forces of attraction, they are free to move and are far apart. They do not keep a definite shape or volume. There particles move constantly with random motion.

49
Q

How can a solid change state

A

If it is melted, its forces weaken

50
Q

How does a liquid change state?

A

Either by freezing it to form a solid or by boiling it to form a gas

51
Q

How does a gas change state?

A

By condensing it to form a liquid

52
Q

What is relative formula mass?

A

The relative atomic masses of all atoms in the molecular formula added together

53
Q

How do you calculate the percentage mass of an element in a compound.

A

Relative atomic mass x number of atoms of that element/ relative formula mass of the compound x 100

54
Q

What is a mole?

A

A name given to an amount of a substance.

55
Q

How do you find the number of moles in a given mass?

A

Number of moles = mass in g (of element/compound) / relative formula mass (of an element or compound)

56
Q

What is the conservation of mass?

A

Where no atoms are destroyed nor created jus conserved

57
Q

How do you find the mass that is conserved?

A

By adding up the relative formula masses of the substances on each side of the balanced equation

58
Q

Give to ways why the mass will increase in the conservation of mass?

A

1) its probably because one if the reactants is a gas thats found in the air and all the products are solids, liquids or aqueous. 2) if the mass decreases its because one of the products is a gas and all the reactants are solids, liquids or aqueous.

59
Q

How can you use moles to calculate masses in reactions give an example

A

In an equation where 1 mole of magnesium and 2 moles of hydrochloric acid react together to form 1 mole of magnesium chloride and 1 mole of hydrogen gas.

60
Q

What are limiting reactants

A

Limiting reactants are reactions that stop once one reactant is used up

61
Q

What does the amount of product depend on

A

The limiting reactant

62
Q

What is the concentration of solutions?

A

The amount of a substance in a certain volume of a solution is called its concentration, the more solute there is in a given volume, the more concentrated the solution.

63
Q

How can concentration be measured?

A

In g/dm(cubed) - concentration = mass of solute / volume of the solvent.

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