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Anatomy > Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

knowledge of basic chemistry needed for understanding

A
  • anatomy and physiology

- difference between healthy and diseased person

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2
Q

Structure of an atom

A

-nucleus contains protons and neutrons and orbiting the nucleus are electrons (e-): negative charge

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3
Q

what charge do atoms have

A

atoms are electrically neutral- the number of e- and p+ is equal. neutrons may not be equal to these

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4
Q

Ions

A
  • if an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion
  • anions
  • cations
  • ions have a charge
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5
Q

anion

A

atom gains e-‘s and becomes negative ion

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6
Q

cation

A

atom loses e- and becomes a positive ion

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7
Q 
important ions
(electrolytes)
A
  • calcium: Ca2+
  • sodium: Na+
  • Potassium: K+
  • Hydrogen: H+
  • Chloride: Cl-
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8
Q

Chemical bonds

A
  • Bond/hold atoms together to form molecules
  • ionic bonds
  • covalent bonds
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9
Q

ionic bond

A

ions formed- atom to atom transfer of e-

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10
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing e- between atoms

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11
Q

chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be..?

A

organic substances

inorganic substances

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12
Q

Organic substances

A

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

eg. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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13
Q

inorganic substances

A

usually lack C atoms

eg. H20, NaCl, O2

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14
Q

exception of inorganic compounds which contain C atoms

A

H2CO3- carbonic acid
HCO3- bicarbonate
CO2- carbon dioxide
CO- Carbon monoxide

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15
Q

Water

A

inorganic

  • most abundant substance in cells
  • H2O
  • polar molecules- unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
  • many rxns in the body take place in H2O=universal solvent
  • transports chemicals
  • maintains body temp of 37
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16
Q

acids and bases

A

may be organic of inorganic

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17
Q

acids

A

dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions

-increase [H+] = decrease pH

18
Q

bases

A

substance that bind free H+ ions in H2O

-decrease [H+]=increase in pH

19
Q

pH scale

A

[H+] of free H+ in solution
-basic -> acidic increase [H+]
-0-14
ph of blood is approx. 7.35-7.45

20
Q

important organic substances

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

consist of C, H, O

(CH2O)n

22
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A
  • source of energy for cells
    eg. glucose
  • cellular structures
    eg. DNA + RNA
23
Q

naming carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides (simple sugars)
    eg. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
    - basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
  2. disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
    eg. glucose + fructose -> sucrose
  3. polysaccharides - many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
    eg. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
24
Q

Lipids

A

C, H, O - different ration from carbs

eg. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids
- insoluble (nonpolar) in water

25
Q

lipid functions

A
  • protect organs (padding
  • build cell membranes
  • sources of stored energy
26
Q

types of lipids

A

glycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
steroids

27
Q

glycerides

A

most common lipid in body and diet
-composed of 2 building blocks :
glycerol backbone and fatty acids

28
Q

naming glycerides

A
  • glycerol + 1 FA = monoglyceride
  • glycerol +2 FAs = diglyceride
  • glycerol + 3 FAs = triglyceride
29
Q

Phospholipids

A

3 building blocks

  • phosphate head group (polar) - hydrophilic (water soluble)
  • glycerol backbone and 2 FAs “tails” (non polar)- hydrophobic (water insoluble)
30
Q

cholesterol

A

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

31
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol

-bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

32
Q

Proteins

A

C, H, O, N and sometimes S

eg. albumin

33
Q

protein functions

A
  • structural materials eg. collegen
  • enzymes, hormones, transporters
  • antibodies
34
Q

Protein naming

A

amino acids
-basic building blocks of all amino acids
-use the name of the aa itself eg. glycine
dipeptides
-two aa
polypeptide
-many aa
protein
-one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

35
Q

nucleic acids

A

C, H, O, N, P
2 forms: DNA and RNA
-building blocks called nucleotides

36
Q

what does each nucleotide contain

A

-PO4- phosphate
-monosaccharide (simple sugar)
eg. ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
-organic base
A, T (DNA only), U (RNA only), C, G

37
Q

DNA structure

A 
PO4-deoxyribose-A,T,C, or G
A-t
G-C
-alternating sugare and phosphate form uprights 
-bases "rungs"
38
Q

DNA function

A
  • cellular reproduction

- used as a template to make RNA

39
Q

RNA structure

A

PO4-ribose- A, U, C, or G
A-U
G-C

40
Q

RNA function

A

protein synthesis

41
Q

ATP

A

energy stored in covalent bonds- powers cellular actives -breaking bond creates immediately useable energy
-ATP->ADP + P (inorganic phosphate)

42
Q

ATP structure

A

3PO4 +ribose +adenine (modified RNA nucleotide)

2.23 “~” =high energy bond

Anatomy (14 decks)

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