Chemical level of organization Flashcards
knowledge of basic chemistry needed for understanding
- anatomy and physiology
- difference between healthy and diseased person
Structure of an atom
-nucleus contains protons and neutrons and orbiting the nucleus are electrons (e-): negative charge
what charge do atoms have
atoms are electrically neutral- the number of e- and p+ is equal. neutrons may not be equal to these
Ions
- if an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion
- anions
- cations
- ions have a charge
anion
atom gains e-‘s and becomes negative ion
cation
atom loses e- and becomes a positive ion
important ions (electrolytes)
- calcium: Ca2+
- sodium: Na+
- Potassium: K+
- Hydrogen: H+
- Chloride: Cl-
Chemical bonds
- Bond/hold atoms together to form molecules
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
ionic bond
ions formed- atom to atom transfer of e-
covalent bond
sharing e- between atoms
chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be..?
organic substances
inorganic substances
Organic substances
covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms
eg. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
inorganic substances
usually lack C atoms
eg. H20, NaCl, O2
exception of inorganic compounds which contain C atoms
H2CO3- carbonic acid
HCO3- bicarbonate
CO2- carbon dioxide
CO- Carbon monoxide
Water
inorganic
- most abundant substance in cells
- H2O
- polar molecules- unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
- many rxns in the body take place in H2O=universal solvent
- transports chemicals
- maintains body temp of 37
acids and bases
may be organic of inorganic
acids
dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
-increase [H+] = decrease pH
bases
substance that bind free H+ ions in H2O
-decrease [H+]=increase in pH
pH scale
[H+] of free H+ in solution
-basic -> acidic increase [H+]
-0-14
ph of blood is approx. 7.35-7.45
important organic substances
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
consist of C, H, O
(CH2O)n
functions of carbohydrates
- source of energy for cells
eg. glucose - cellular structures
eg. DNA + RNA
naming carbohydrates
- monosaccharides (simple sugars)
eg. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
- basic building blocks of other carbohydrates - disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
eg. glucose + fructose -> sucrose - polysaccharides - many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
eg. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
Lipids
C, H, O - different ration from carbs
eg. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids
- insoluble (nonpolar) in water
lipid functions
- protect organs (padding
- build cell membranes
- sources of stored energy
types of lipids
glycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
steroids
glycerides
most common lipid in body and diet
-composed of 2 building blocks :
glycerol backbone and fatty acids
naming glycerides
- glycerol + 1 FA = monoglyceride
- glycerol +2 FAs = diglyceride
- glycerol + 3 FAs = triglyceride
Phospholipids
3 building blocks
- phosphate head group (polar) - hydrophilic (water soluble)
- glycerol backbone and 2 FAs “tails” (non polar)- hydrophobic (water insoluble)
cholesterol
found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids
steroids
derived from cholesterol
-bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)
Proteins
C, H, O, N and sometimes S
eg. albumin
protein functions
- structural materials eg. collegen
- enzymes, hormones, transporters
- antibodies
Protein naming
amino acids
-basic building blocks of all amino acids
-use the name of the aa itself eg. glycine
dipeptides
-two aa
polypeptide
-many aa
protein
-one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
nucleic acids
C, H, O, N, P
2 forms: DNA and RNA
-building blocks called nucleotides
what does each nucleotide contain
-PO4- phosphate
-monosaccharide (simple sugar)
eg. ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
-organic base
A, T (DNA only), U (RNA only), C, G
DNA structure
PO4-deoxyribose-A,T,C, or G A-t G-C -alternating sugare and phosphate form uprights -bases "rungs"
DNA function
- cellular reproduction
- used as a template to make RNA
RNA structure
PO4-ribose- A, U, C, or G
A-U
G-C
RNA function
protein synthesis
ATP
energy stored in covalent bonds- powers cellular actives -breaking bond creates immediately useable energy
-ATP->ADP + P (inorganic phosphate)
ATP structure
3PO4 +ribose +adenine (modified RNA nucleotide)
2.23 “~” =high energy bond
