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Anatomy > 2. cardiovascular system > Flashcards

2. cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
  • transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  • protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
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2
Q

heart

A

-in a cavity called the mediastinum (=space b/w lungs w/in thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

heart structure

A
  1. coverings=pericardium
  2. heart wall
  3. chambers and associated blood vessels
  4. septa (separate chambers)
  5. fibrous skeleton
  6. valves
  7. cardiac muscle cells
  8. conduction system
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4
Q

coverings = pericardium

A

-double-walled sac surrounding heart
-between pericardium layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
-3 layers:
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardial layers - 2 parts

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5
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • outermost layer=dense irregular CT
  • anchors to surrounding structures
    eg. diaphragm,great vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)
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6
Q

serous pericardium- 2 parts

A
  • parietal pericardium

- visceral pericardium = epicardium

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7
Q

parietal pericardium

A

fused to fibrous pericardium

fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium = pericardial sac

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8
Q

visceral pericardium

A

=epicardium

-fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall

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9
Q

heart wall

A

3 parts:
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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10
Q

epicardium

A

stratified squamous epithelium and CT

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11
Q

myocardium

A

=cardiac muscle

-arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT

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12
Q

endocardium

A
  • simple squamous epithelium and CT

- epithelium named endothelium-lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels

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13
Q

Chambers and associated blood vessels

A

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

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14
Q

right atrium

A
  • inferior and superior vena cava

- coronary sinus (posterior)

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15
Q

left atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins

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16
Q

right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk-divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

left ventricle

A

aorta

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18
Q

septa (separate chambers )

A

inreratrial septum

inter-ventricular septum

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19
Q

inreratrial septum

A

separates atria

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20
Q

interventricular septum

A
  • separates ventricles

- deep to inter-ventricular sulcus (external)

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21
Q

fibrous skeleton

A
  • CT fibers around the muscle fibers and CT rings b/w atria and ventricles at the coronary sulcus
  • allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open and close)
  • provides electrical insulation-prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers
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22
Q

valves

A
  • atrioventricular (AV) valves

- semilunar valves

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23
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

*chordae tendineae (CT) attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)
(prevent eversion of cusps)
-bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side- 2 cusps)
-tricuspid valve (right side- 3 cusps)

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24
Q

semilunar valves

A

-3 cusps each
*aortic
(separates left ventricle and aorta)
*pulmonary
(separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)

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25
Q

cardiac muscle cells

A

form both contractile myocardium and conduction system

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26
Q

cardiac muscle cells similarities to skeletal muscle:

A
  • striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)

- has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules

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27
Q

cardiac muscle cells differences to skeletal muscles:

A
  • branched (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
  • uninucleated
  • intercalated discs=region where two fibers meet
  • contain anchoring and gap junctions
28
Q

conduction system

A
  • cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses - DO NOT CONTRACT
  • note: electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
29
Q

conduction system parts

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • atrioventricular (AV) node
  • atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
  • atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches
  • purkinje fibers
30
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • in right atrium at base of superior vena cava

- generates impulses the fastest-sets pace

31
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

-base of right atrium

32
Q

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

A
  • superior part of interventricular septum

- electrically connects atria to ventricles

33
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches

A

got to each ventricle

34
Q

purkinje fibers

A

-terminal fibers in ventricles only

35
Q

circulatory routes

A
  • closed, double circulation
  • closed = blood confined to heart and blood vessels
  • double = 2 routes (pulmonary and systemic)
  • adult circulation and fetal circulation
36
Q

adult circulation

A
  • pulmonary circulation
  • systemic circulation
  • coronary circulation (visible externally)
37
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right ventricle to lungs by pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
  • pick up oxygen in lungs by capillaries
  • lungs to left atria by pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
38
Q

Systemic circulation

A

-left ventricle to organs by aorta (oxygenated)
-organs remove oxygen by capillaries
-organs to right atrium by superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
-overall route: left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation
*subdivisions/subroutes:
cerebral=brain
hepatic=liver
coronary=heart

39
Q

coronary circulation

A 
visible externally 
(chart on page 4)
40
Q

fetal circulation

A
  • fetus gets O2, nutrients from and expels wastes to mother’s blood
  • exchange site in the placenta
  • blood supplies in close together, but do not mix
41
Q

fetal circulation differences from adult circulation

A

a) umbilical vein (towards the fetal heart)
b) lungs and liver basically non-functional
c) umbilical arteries (away from fetal heart)

42
Q

umbilical vein

A
  • towards the fetal heart

- carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

43
Q

lungs and liver basically non functional

A

3 shunts to bypass (although some blood flow to these organs for nourishment/growth)

  1. ductus venosus
  2. foramen ovale
  3. ductus arteriosus
44
Q

ductus venosus

A
  • connects umbilical vein (oxy blood) to inferior vena cava (doexy blood) to bypass liver - permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver
  • oxy and deoxy blood mixes
  • mixed blood enters fetal heat by inferior vena cava
45
Q

foramen ovale

A

-hole in interatrial septum
-allows blood to move from the right to left atrium
(bypass lungs)

46
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

-connects pulmonary trunk and aorta (bypass lungs)

47
Q

umbilical arteries

A
  • away from fetal heart

- returns mixed blood to placenta

48
Q

anatomy of blood vessels

A
  • general structure of blood vessels (except capillaries):
    1. tunica externa - CT
    2. tunica media
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibers (CT)
    3. tunica intima/intema
  • endothelium-simple squamous epithelium
    4. lumen-contains blood (not a layer)
49
Q

blood vessel types (following path from heart and back to heart):

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
50
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart (does not refer to oxy of deoxy)
2 types:
elastic arteries
muscular arteries

51
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • elastic CT in all 3 layers
  • largest arteries (near heart)
    eg. aorta
52
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • a lot of smooth muscle
  • most arteries
    eg. coronary artery
53
Q

arterioles

A
  • little arteries

- regulate blood flow and blood pressure

54
Q

capillaries

A
  • only tunica intima-endothelium (on cell layer) + basement membrane
  • allow exchange of gases and nutrients
  • gaps allow limited fluid and solutes to leak out = interstitial fluid (ISF)
  • capillaries unite to form venules
55
Q

venules

A

-intima, thin media, thin externa

56
Q

veins

A
  • large lumen
  • valves prevent backflow of blood
  • thin media-less smooth muscle
  • can collapse
57
Q

Blood (CT) characteristics

A
  • higher viscosity than water
  • 37 degrees c
  • ph 7.35-7.45
  • 4-6 L in an adult
58
Q

blood (CT) composition overview

A
  1. plasma (matrix)
    * fluid portion with solutes
  2. formed elements
    * cellular portion
59
Q

plasma (matrix)

A 
=blood minus formed elements 
-composed of : 
H2O-90%
proteins-8%
-albumin-control tissue water balance
-fibrinogen-clot formation
-globulin-antibodies 
other solutes-2%
(nutrients, hormones, wastes, electrolytes, gases)
60
Q

formed elements

A
  1. RBC-erythrocytes
  2. WBC-leukocytes
  3. platelets
61
Q

RBC- erythrocytes

A
  • hematocrit
  • bioconcave disc shape
  • anucleate when mature
  • life span-120 days
  • destroyed in the liver and spleen
  • contain hemoglobin
62
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • pigment protein
  • hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin
  • heme is further broken down to bilirubin
  • Fe2- recycled or stored (toxic, so always bound to protein)
  • globin to amino acids
    i. heme=red pigment-contains iron (Fe)
  • attaches and transports O2
    ii. globin-protein
  • attaches and transport CO2
63
Q

WBC-leukocytes

A

-nucleated
-life span varies - days to years
-defend against disease
-2 types:
granulocytes
agranulocytes

64
Q

WBC granulocytes

A 
includes:
neutrophils 60%
*all phaghocytic (engulf and digest invaders)
*kill bacteria
eosinophils 3%
*attack parasites (eg. worms)
basophils 1%
*release: histamine (increase inflammation) and heparin (decrease local clotting)
65
Q

agranulocytes

A 
include:
monocytes 5%
*enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages (phagocytic = big eaters)
lymphocytes 35% immunity
-2 types :
T lymphocytes
*kill infected/diseased cells directly
B lymphocytes
*become plasma cells, produce antibodies (=y globulin)
66
Q

Platelets

A
  • fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • involved in clotting
  • life span = ~10 days if not used for clotting
67
Q

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

A

-=formation of blood cells
-all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (=stem cells) cells in red bone marrow
*red marrow in adult:
axial skeleton
pelvic and pectoral girdles
proximal ends of humerus and femur

Anatomy (14 decks)

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