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Anatomy > 2. skeletal system > Flashcards

2. skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

-feet, face and palms forward

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2
Q

superior (cranial)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above
-the head is superior to the abdomen

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3
Q

inferior (caudal)

A
  • away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
  • the navel is inferior to the chin
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4
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

-the breastbone is anterior to the spine

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5
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A
  • toward or at the back of the body; behind

- the heart is posterior to the breastbone

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6
Q

medial

A
  • toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
  • the heart is medial to the arm
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7
Q

lateral

A
  • away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

- the arms are lateral to the chest

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8
Q

intermediate

A
  • between a more medial and a more lateral structure

- the collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

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9
Q

proximal

A
  • closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • the elbow is proximal to the wrist
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10
Q

distal

A
  • farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • the knee is distal to the thigh
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11
Q

superficial (external)

A
  • toward or at the body surface

- the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

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12
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

-the lungs are deep to the skin

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13
Q

skeletal system

A
  • axial skeleton

- appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton

A
  • 80
  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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15
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A 
-126
(limbs and bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles))
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle
-upper limb (arm, forearm, and hand)
-lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)
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16
Q

articulations

A

connections between bones

eg. the humerus articulates with the scapula

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17
Q

skull has three main bone groupings

A
  • cranium (8 bones next to brain)
  • facial bones (14 bones)
  • auditory ossicles 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
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18
Q

cranium

A
  • 1 frontal (forehead)
  • 2 parietal
  • 2 temporal
  • 1 sphenoid
  • 1 ethmoid (forms superior + middle nasal chonchae)
  • 1 occipital
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19
Q

facial bones

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillae
  • 2 zygomatic
  • 2 lacrimal
  • 2 palatine
  • 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  • 1 vomer
  • 1 mandible
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20
Q

hard palate

A

-2 palatine and 2 maxillae

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21
Q

auditory ossicles

A
  • incus
  • malleus
  • stapes
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22
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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23
Q

Bones in the vertebral column

A

25 vertebrae

  • cervical(7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacrum (1)
  • coccyx (1)
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24
Q

typical vertebral structure:

A
  • body -think anterior portion
  • spinous process (1)- median posterior projection
  • transverse process (2)-lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
  • lamina (2) - connects the two processes
  • pedicle (2) - connects body to transverse process
  • vertebral foramen -hole for spinal cord
  • superior and inferior articular facets -articulate with vertebrae above and below
  • intervertebral foramina -exit for spinal nerves
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25
Q

characteristics of vertebrae by region

A
  • cervical (C1-C7)
  • thoracic (T1-T12)
  • lumbar (L1-L5)
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
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26
Q

atlas

A

-no body, no spinous process
-articulates with occipital condyle of skull
(allows nodding (yes) motions)
C1

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27
Q

axis

A

C2

  • dens (=odontoid process)
  • pivot joint around which atlas swivels
  • allows shaking (no) motion
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28
Q

Cervical C1-C7

A
  • C1,C2= atypical
  • C3-C7= typical
  • C1=atlas
  • C2=axis
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29
Q

thoracic (T1-T12)

A

all articulate with ribs by costal facets

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30
Q

lumbar (L1-L5)

A

support upper body weight

-all have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes

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31
Q

sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae

- articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

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32
Q

coccyx

A
  • 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4

- tailbone

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33
Q

curvature of the spinal column

A
  • cervical and lumbar (curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly)
  • thoracic and sacrum (curved concave anteriorly = concave posteriorly)
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34
Q

abnormal curvature:

A
  • scoliosis (spinal column curves laterally)
  • kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback))
  • lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback))
35
Q

Thoracic cage

A

sternum and ribs

36
Q

sternum (breast bone)

A

-3 parts
manubrium-superioir
body-middle
xiphoid process-inferior

37
Q

ribs

A
  • 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
  • 7 pairs = true ribs
  • attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
  • 5 pairs = false ribs
  • attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
38
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle)
  • pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)
  • upper limb (in anatomical position)
  • lower limb (in anatomical position)
39
Q

pectoral girdle

A

-clavicle and scapula

40
Q

clavicle

A

(collarbone)

  • articulates with sternum(manubrium) and scapula (acromion process)
  • connects axial and appendicular skeletons
41
Q

scapula

A
  • spine (on posterior)
  • acromion process- articulates with clavicle
  • glenoid fossa/cavity - articulates head of humerus
  • coracoid process-attaches muscles for arm and chest
42
Q

pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)

A
  • composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones:
  • ilium-articulates with sacrum
  • ischium- most inferior part = ischial tuberosity
  • pubis-left and right joined by pubic symphysis
  • joints:
  • pubic symphysis
  • sacroiliac joint -sacrum and ilium
  • acetabulum-articulates with head of femur (all 3 bones of os coxa join here)
43
Q

upper limb (in anatomical position)

A
  • humerus
  • radius (lateral)/ ulna (medial)
  • carpals (8) - wrist
  • metacarpals (5) - palm
  • phalanges (14) - digits (fingers)
    note: all are long bones (except carpals)
44
Q

lower limb (in anatomical position)

A

-femur
-patella (knee cap)
-Tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral)
-tarsals (7) : talus - articulates with tibia
calcaneus - heal bone
-metatarsals (5) = sole
-phalanges (14 ) -digits (toes)
note: all are long bones (except patella and tarsals)

45
Q

differentiating right vs. left

A

requires 2 features:
*anterior/posterior
*medial/lateral
eg. scapula (spine-posterior/glenoid fossa-lateral)
humerus (olecranon fossa-posterior)/head-medial)
femur (lateral/medial condyles (posterior) / head (medial))
tibia (tibial tuberosity (anterior)/ medial malleolus (medial))

46
Q

long bone components (8)

A 
diaphysis
epiphyses
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
medullary cavity 
periosteum
endosteum
articular cartilage
47
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft (body)

48
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal extremities

49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage

used for bone growth (length)

50
Q

epiphyseal line

A
  • replaces plate with bone when growth completed

- plate/line-where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

51
Q

periostesum

A
  • external surface
  • 2 layers of connective tissue
  • outer=dense irregular
  • inner=mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • allows bone to grow in diameter
52
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity and canals

contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

53
Q

medullary cavity

A

red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult

54
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline (only at articulation points)

prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

55
Q

histology

A

bone and cartilage

56
Q

bone consists of :

A

a) cells:
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

b) matrix:
ground substance
-hydroxyapatite=insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength)
collagen fibres (flexibility)
water
57
Q

2 types of bone

A

compact bone

spongy bone

58
Q

compact bone

A

-converts external surfaces of all bones
-composed of osteons
-each osteon contains:
lamellae
lacunae (with osteocytes)
canaliculi
central canal
perforating canal

59
Q

lamellae

A

concentric circles of matrix

60
Q

lacunae (with osteocytes)

A

between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)

61
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other

62
Q

central canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

lined with endosteum

63
Q

perforating canal

A
  • perpendicular to central canal

- carry bloody supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

64
Q

spongy bone

A

-no osteons
-have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)
-canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
-spaces contain bone marrow
(red marrow produces blood cells)

65
Q

where is spongy bone found?

A

*flat and irregular bone (eg. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
*long bones:
epiphyses
lining medullary cavity

66
Q

Cartilage (CT)

A

hyaline cartilage

non-vascular

structure:
chondrocytes in lacunae

matrix:

  • shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
  • collagen fibres
  • water
67
Q

articulations/joints

A

point of contact between 2 or more bones

2 classes: structural and functional

68
Q

structural classification (anatomical) based on:

A
  • presence / absence of joint cavity

- type of CT

69
Q

types of structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

70
Q

fibrous

A

no joint cavity
fibrous CT
eg. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)

71
Q

cartilaginous

A
  • no joint cavity
  • cartilage attaches bones
  • eg. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
72
Q

synovial

A 
eg. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
structure:
-articular cartilage (hyaline)
-joint cavity 
-articular/joint capsule
73
Q

joint cavity

A

contains synovial fluid

74
Q

articular / joint fluid

A 
outer layer = fibrous capsule 
-attaches to periosteum
-may have ligaments within (capsule=thickened) or separate
inner layer=synovial membrane (CT only)
-secretes synovial fluid
75
Q

types of structural

A

grouped according to shape of articulating bones

  • plane/gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • ball and socket
76
Q

plane/gliding

A
  • flat surfaces

eg. sacroiliac

77
Q

hinge

A

concave/convex surfaces

eg. elbow, knee

78
Q

pivot

A

projection in ring

eg. dens (on axis) in atlas

79
Q

ball and socket

A

great freedom of movement

eg. humerus in glenoid fossa
eg. femur in acetabulum (hip)

80
Q

functional classification (physiological) based on:

A

degree of movement

81
Q

types of functional joints

A

synarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
diarthrotic

82
Q

synarthrotic

A

immovable

eg. skull sutures

83
Q

amphiarthrotic

A

slightly moveable

eg. pubic symphysis

84
Q

diarthrotic

A

freely moveable

eg. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (14 decks)

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