Chapters 17 and 18 Flashcards
Cerebrum consists of the:
diencephalon
cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral hemispheres
subcortical structures
cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures
subcortical white matter
basal ganglia
Functions of cerebrum:
perception, voluntary movements, using language and nonverbal communication, understanding spatial relationship, using visual information, making decisions, consciousness, emotions, mind-body interactions and memory - COGNITION
Cognition:
the neural processes by which the brain integrates meaningful stimuli, memory, and internal motivations producing perceptional awareness and appropriate behavio
Diencephalon
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
Fuctional groups of thalamus
relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei
Relay nuclei
convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex
Association nuclei
process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation
Non specific nuclei
regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention
Functions of hypothalamus
Maintaining homeostasis
Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions
Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
Major structure of epithalamus
pineal gland
Pineal gland
believed to help regulate circadian rhythms and to influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans
Subthalamus
Is part of the basal ganglia circuit, which is involved in regulating movement.
Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei
Classifications of subcortical white matter:
Projection fibers
Commissural fibers
Association fibers
Projection Fibers
extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, brainstem and thalamu
Commissural fibers:
Connect homologous areas of both cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres
Association fibers
Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere.
Short association fibers connect adjacent gyri, whereas the long association fibers connect lobes within one hemisphere
Basal ganglia
movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle force
Cognitive functions of basal ganglia:
Executive function (goal-directed behavior)
Sustained attention
Ability to change behavior as task requirements change (behavioral flexibility and control loop)
Motivation
Most common cortical neurons:
Pyramidal
Fusiform and
Stellate cells
Five categories of cerebral cortex
Primary sensory cortex Secondary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Motor planning area Association cortex
Primary sensory area:
Discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information
Secondary sensory cortex:
Performs more complex analysis of sensation
Primary motor cortex:
Provides descending control of motor output
Motor planning area
organize movements
Association cortex:
Controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories
Motor planning areas (3):
supplementary motor area
premotor area
Broca’s area
Supplementary motor area:
Is important for the initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements
Premotor area
Controls trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons
Broca’s area:
Is responsible for planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language. It is usually in the left hemisphere
Association areas:
Dorsolateral Prefontal Cortex
Parietotemporal Asso. Cortex
Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Assocs. Cortex
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Functions include self-awareness and executive functions
basal ganglia functional loop
Executive functions of dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex:
Deciding on a goal
Planning how to accomplish the goal
Executing a plan
Monitoring the execution of the plan
Parietotemporal Association Cortex:
Cognitive intelligence
Problem-solving and comprehension of communication and of spatial relationships
Ventral and Medial Dorsal prefrontal Association cortex:
impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings
Ventral prefrontal association area:
connects with areas that regulate mood (subjective feelings) and affect (observable demeanor)
Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex:
perceives other’s emotions and makes assumptions about what other people believe and their intentions
Three types of memory:
working
declarative
procedural
Working
temporary storage and manipulation of information
Declarative:
facts, events, concepts, and locations
Procedural
knowledge of how to do actions and skills
skill, habit, nonconscious memory, or implicit memory
Three stages identified for motor learning:
Cognitive
Associative
Automatic
Where does comprehension of spoken language occur?
Wernicke’s area.
Broca’s area:
left frontal lobe, provides instructions for language output
Disorder of primary sensory area:
Loss of Discriminative Sensory Information
Disorders of secondary sensory area:
agnosis:
asterognosis
visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
Disorder to motor planning area:
apraxia
Apraxia:
knowledge of how to perform a skill is lost
Constructional apraxia:
Deficit impairs the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space
Motor perservation:
uncontrollable repetition of a movement
Broca’s aphasia:
difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols
Disorders of primary motor cortex
dysarthria
Dysarthria
speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking
Spastic dysarthria
Is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons.
Is characterized by harsh, awkward speech
Flaccid dyarthria:
Is caused by damage to the lower motor neurons (CN IX, X, XII).
Is characterized by paresis of speech muscles
Disorders of dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex:
causes apathy, lack of goal-directed behavior, difficulty with executive functions: choosing goals, planning, executing plans, and monitoring the execution of a pla
Disorder of parietotemporal association area:
Damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia.
Damage to the same area in the RIGHT hemisphere causes deficits in directing attention, comprehending space and understanding nonverbal communication
