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Neuro > Chapters 17 and 18 > Flashcards

Chapters 17 and 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum consists of the:

A

diencephalon

cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

subcortical structures

cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Subcortical structures

A

subcortical white matter

basal ganglia

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4
Q

Functions of cerebrum:

A

perception, voluntary movements, using language and nonverbal communication, understanding spatial relationship, using visual information, making decisions, consciousness, emotions, mind-body interactions and memory - COGNITION

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5
Q

Cognition:

A

the neural processes by which the brain integrates meaningful stimuli, memory, and internal motivations producing perceptional awareness and appropriate behavio

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6
Q

Diencephalon

A

hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

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7
Q

Fuctional groups of thalamus

A

relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei

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8
Q

Relay nuclei

A

convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Association nuclei

A

process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation

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10
Q

Non specific nuclei

A

regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

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11
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

Maintaining homeostasis
Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions
Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

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12
Q

Major structure of epithalamus

A

pineal gland

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13
Q

Pineal gland

A

believed to help regulate circadian rhythms and to influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans

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14
Q

Subthalamus

A

Is part of the basal ganglia circuit, which is involved in regulating movement.
Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei

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15
Q

Classifications of subcortical white matter:

A

Projection fibers
Commissural fibers
Association fibers

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16
Q

Projection Fibers

A

extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, brainstem and thalamu

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17
Q

Commissural fibers:

A

Connect homologous areas of both cerebral hemispheres.

Corpus callosum is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres

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18
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere.

Short association fibers connect adjacent gyri, whereas the long association fibers connect lobes within one hemisphere

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19
Q

Basal ganglia

A

movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle force

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20
Q

Cognitive functions of basal ganglia:

A

Executive function (goal-directed behavior)
Sustained attention
Ability to change behavior as task requirements change (behavioral flexibility and control loop)
Motivation

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21
Q

Most common cortical neurons:

A

Pyramidal
Fusiform and
Stellate cells

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22
Q

Five categories of cerebral cortex

A 
Primary sensory cortex
Secondary sensory cortex
Primary motor cortex
Motor planning area
Association cortex
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23
Q

Primary sensory area:

A

Discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information

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24
Q

Secondary sensory cortex:

A

Performs more complex analysis of sensation

25
Q

Primary motor cortex:

A

Provides descending control of motor output

26
Q

Motor planning area

A

organize movements

27
Q

Association cortex:

A

Controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories

28
Q

Motor planning areas (3):

A

supplementary motor area
premotor area
Broca’s area

29
Q

Supplementary motor area:

A

Is important for the initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements

30
Q

Premotor area

A

Controls trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons

31
Q

Broca’s area:

A

Is responsible for planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language. It is usually in the left hemisphere

32
Q

Association areas:

A

Dorsolateral Prefontal Cortex
Parietotemporal Asso. Cortex
Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Assocs. Cortex

33
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Functions include self-awareness and executive functions

basal ganglia functional loop

34
Q

Executive functions of dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex:

A

Deciding on a goal
Planning how to accomplish the goal
Executing a plan
Monitoring the execution of the plan

35
Q

Parietotemporal Association Cortex:

A

Cognitive intelligence

Problem-solving and comprehension of communication and of spatial relationships

36
Q

Ventral and Medial Dorsal prefrontal Association cortex:

A

impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings

37
Q

Ventral prefrontal association area:

A

connects with areas that regulate mood (subjective feelings) and affect (observable demeanor)

38
Q

Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex:

A

perceives other’s emotions and makes assumptions about what other people believe and their intentions

39
Q

Three types of memory:

A

working
declarative
procedural

40
Q

Working

A

temporary storage and manipulation of information

41
Q

Declarative:

A

facts, events, concepts, and locations

42
Q

Procedural

A

knowledge of how to do actions and skills

skill, habit, nonconscious memory, or implicit memory

43
Q

Three stages identified for motor learning:

A

Cognitive
Associative
Automatic

44
Q

Where does comprehension of spoken language occur?

A

Wernicke’s area.

45
Q

Broca’s area:

A

left frontal lobe, provides instructions for language output

46
Q

Disorder of primary sensory area:

A

Loss of Discriminative Sensory Information

47
Q

Disorders of secondary sensory area:

A

agnosis:
asterognosis
visual agnosia
prosopagnosia

48
Q

Disorder to motor planning area:

A

apraxia

49
Q

Apraxia:

A

knowledge of how to perform a skill is lost

50
Q

Constructional apraxia:

A

Deficit impairs the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space

51
Q

Motor perservation:

A

uncontrollable repetition of a movement

52
Q

Broca’s aphasia:

A

difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

53
Q

Disorders of primary motor cortex

A

dysarthria

54
Q

Dysarthria

A

speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

55
Q

Spastic dysarthria

A

Is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons.

Is characterized by harsh, awkward speech

56
Q

Flaccid dyarthria:

A

Is caused by damage to the lower motor neurons (CN IX, X, XII).
Is characterized by paresis of speech muscles

57
Q

Disorders of dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex:

A

causes apathy, lack of goal-directed behavior, difficulty with executive functions: choosing goals, planning, executing plans, and monitoring the execution of a pla

58
Q

Disorder of parietotemporal association area:

A

Damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia.
Damage to the same area in the RIGHT hemisphere causes deficits in directing attention, comprehending space and understanding nonverbal communication

Neuro (23 decks)

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