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Neuro > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensation:

A

sensory information form the skin and musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

Superficial or cutaneous

A

information from the skin

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3
Q

Proprioception

A

information from the musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

What is the speed of information processing determined by?

A

Diameter of the axons
Degree of axonal myelination
Number of synapses in the pathway

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5
Q

Sensory information:

A

nerve impulses generated from original stimuli

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6
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of stimuli from the senses

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7
Q

Where does interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms occur?

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to the mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration

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9
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

respond to substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection

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10
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

transmit information regarding heat or cold

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11
Q

What is included in sensation from the skin?

A

touch
pain
temperature

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12
Q

Pain

A

nociceptors which are free nerve endings

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13
Q

Temperature:

A

also free nerve endings that responds to warmth or cold within a non-damaging temperature range

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14
Q

How is touch categorized?

A

fine

coarse

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15
Q

Fine touch:

A

includes a variety of receptors and subsensations

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16
Q

Coarse touch:

A

mediated by free endings throughout the skin

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17
Q

What do cutaneous receptors respond to?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, noxious stimuli, and temperature

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18
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

areas of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron

smaller distally and larger proximally

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19
Q

Where are somatosensory peripheral neurons?

A

Are outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or brain in the cranial nerve (CN) ganglia

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20
Q

How many axons do peripheral sensory neurons have?

A

2
distal
proximal

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21
Q

Distal peripheral nerve axons:

A

Conduct messages from the receptor to the cell body

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22
Q

Proximal peripheral nerve axons

A

Project from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem

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23
Q 
A-alpha (Ia and II) axon
function
receptor type
A

proprioception

muscle spindle

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24
Q 
A beta axon
function
receptor type
A

touch

merkel, meissner, pacinian and ruffini

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25
Q 
A delta
function
receptor type
A

pain, temperature

free nerve endings

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26
Q 
C fibers
function
receptor type
A

pain, temperature, itch

free nerve endings (unmyelinated)

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27
Q

What does the muscle spindle do?

A

muscle can feedback information to the CNS on its state of elongation. This is achieved by a special sensory organ at the core of the muscle called

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28
Q

What are the two types of intrafusal fibers?

A

nuclear bags fibers

nuclear chain fibers

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29
Q

What are nuclear bag fibers?

A

clumps of nuclei

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30
Q

What are nuclear chain fibers?

A

nuclei arranged in single file

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31
Q

What are the two different sensory endings?

A

primary

secondary

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32
Q

Primary endings:

A

wrap around the central region of each intrafusal fiber.

type Ia neuron

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33
Q

Secondary endings:

A

end mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to the primary endings
type II afferent

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34
Q

Where are intrafusal fibers contractile?

A

only at ends; central region cannot contract

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35
Q

What is muscle length singled by?

A

type Ia and II afferents

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36
Q

What is velocity?

A

change in muscle length signaled by only type Ia afferents

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37
Q

Information about Golgi Tendon Organs is transmitted to the spinal cord by what fibers?

A

type Ib

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38
Q

What do mechanoreceptors in and around joints respond to?

A

mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments

39
Q

Type Ia axon

A

Quick stretch information from the muscle spindle

40
Q

Type Ib axon

A

Tendon or ligament tension

41
Q

Type II axon

A

Maintained muscle stretch or joint movement

42
Q

Type A-beta axon

A

Touch, vibration, skin stretch, or pressure

43
Q

Type A-delta or C

A

Pain, temperature, itch, or tickle

44
Q

What is a tract?

A

bundle of axons with the same origin and a common termination

45
Q

What is high fidelity?

A

provide accurate details regarding the location of the stimulation

46
Q

What are the three pathways bringing information to the brain?

A

Conscious relay
Divergent
Unconscious relay

47
Q

What do conscious relay pathways do?

A

Transmit information to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum and use pathways

48
Q

How is information transmitted in conscious relay pathways?

A

high fidelity

make fine distinction about stimuli

49
Q

What are the two routes pathways to consciousness travel upward in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal columns

anterolateral tracts

50
Q

What is discriminative touch?

A

refers to the localization of touch and vibration and the ability to discriminate between two closely spaced points touching the skin

51
Q

Pathway of discriminative touch?

A

DCML

52
Q

What is conscious proprioception?

A

awareness of the movements and relative position of body parts

53
Q

Pathway of conscious proprioception?

A

DCML

54
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

the ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object

55
Q

Pathway of sterognosis?

A

DCML

56
Q

Primary neuron in pathway for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception?

A

conveys information from the receptors to the medulla

57
Q

Secondary neuron in pathway for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception?

A

conveys information from the medulla to the thalamus

58
Q

Tertiary neuron in pathway for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception?

A

conveys information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

59
Q

Primary neurons of DCML include:

A

Many collateral branches entering the gray matter

60
Q

Secondary neurons of DCML include:

A

Cell bodies located in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus

Axons that cross the midline as the internal arcuate fibers, then ascend to the thalamus

61
Q

Tertiary neurons of DCML include:

A

Those that connect the thalamus to the sensory cortex

62
Q

What does anterolateral tract transmit?

A

discriminative information about pain, temperature, and course touch

63
Q

What are heat and cold detected by?

A

specialized free nerve endings of small myelinated and unmyelinated neurons

64
Q

What do A-delta fibers carry?

A

impulses produced by cooling

65
Q

What do C-fibers carry?

A

information regarding heat

66
Q

What is fast pain

A

(spinothalamic pain) is the initial and immediate sharp sensation that indicates the location of the injury

67
Q

What is slow pain?

A

(spinolimbic pain) is the dull, throbbing ache following fast pain that is not well localized

68
Q

Fast, localized pain, what system?

A

lateral pain system

69
Q

Primary neuron in fast pain:

A

bring information into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

70
Q

Secondary neuron in fast pain:

A

cross the midline and project from the spinal cord to the thalamus.

71
Q

Tertiary neurons in fast pain:

A

project from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

72
Q

In the anterolateral column, second order neuron:

A

ascends contralaterlly

cross midline at spinal cord

73
Q

In the DCML, first order neuron

A

ascends ipsilaterally

74
Q

In the DCML, second order neurons

A

crosses midline at medulla

75
Q

Slow pain impulses travel:

A

C fibers which are smaller, unmyelinated axons

76
Q

How is aching pain transmitted?

A

via divergent pathways to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum
medial pain system

77
Q

Where is the first neuron in the medial pain system?

A

resides in the dorsal root ganglion and has a small, unmyelinated C fiber

78
Q

What is the activity of medial pain system?

A

elicits affective, motivational, withdrawal, arousal, and autonomic responses

79
Q

What are the three tracts that axon of ascending projection neurons reach the midbrain, reticular formation and limbic areas?

A

spinomesencephalic
spinoreticular
spinolimbic

80
Q

What are the two areas of the spinomesencephalic tract in the midbrain that carry noceiceptive information?

A

periaqueductal gray

superior colliculus

81
Q

The periaqueductal gray is part of what system?

A

descending pain control system

82
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A neural network in the brainstem that includes the reticular nuclei and their connections

83
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Modulates arousal, attention, and sleep-waking cycles

84
Q

What do axons of the spinolimbic tract do?

A

transmit slow pain information to the medial and intralaminar nuclei in the thalamus

85
Q

What is the trigeminoreticulolibic pathway?

A

Slow pain information is transmitted via this pathway from the face
C fibers in trigeminal nerve

86
Q

What do unconscious relay tracts do?

A

Transmit information from proprioceptors and information about activity in spinal interneurons.

  • relay information critical for adjusting movements
  • cerebellum
87
Q

What is the posterior spinocerebellar pathway?

A

Transmits information from the legs and the lower half of the body

88
Q

What is the cuneocerebellar pathway?

A

Begins with primary afferents from the arm and upper half of the body; the central axons travel via the posterior columns to the lower medulla

89
Q

What are internal feedback tracts?

A

Tracts monitor the activity of spinal interneurons and of descending motor signals from the cerebral cortex and brainstem

90
Q

What are the two types of internal feeback tracts?

A

anterior spinocerebellar

rostrospinocerebellar

91
Q

What does the anterior spinocerebellar tract do?

A

Transmits information from the thoracolumbar spinal cord

92
Q

What does the rostrospinocerebellar tract do?

A

Transmits information from the cervical spinal cord to the ipsilateral cerebellum

93
Q

Where does the information in the spinocerebellar tract come from?

A

the proprioceptors, spinal interneurons, and descending motor pathways

94
Q

What does information that does not reach conscious awareness do?

A

contributes to automatic movements and postural adjustments

Neuro (23 decks)

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