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Neuro > Chapter 10/Upper Motor Neuron > Flashcards

Chapter 10/Upper Motor Neuron Flashcards

1
Q

What are the descending motor systems?

A

motor cortex

brainstem centers

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2
Q

What are the descending pathways?

A

medial upper motor neuron (UMN) tract
Lateral UMN tracts
Nonspecific UMN tracts

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3
Q

Medial UMN tract:

A

postural and gross movements

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4
Q

Lateral UMN tract:

A

fractionated movements and distal limb movements

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5
Q

What do neural centers include?

A

vestibular nuclei
reticular formation
superior colliculus

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6
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

a network of neurons in the core of the brainstem

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7
Q

What are the tracts of the medial upper motor neuron (UMN) tracts?

A

medial vestibulospinal
lateral vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
medial corticospinal

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8
Q

Where is the medial vestibulospinal tract from?

A

brainstem

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9
Q

Where is the lateral vestibulospinal tract from?

A

brainstem

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10
Q

Where is the reticulospinal tract from?

A

brainstem

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11
Q

Where is the medial corticospinal tract from?

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What does the medial vertibulospinal tract to?

A

concerning information about head movement and position from the vestibular systems and controls neck and upper back muscles

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13
Q

What does the lateral vestibulospinal tract do?

A
  • Responds to gravity information from the vestibular apparatus
  • facilitate LMN to extensors and inhibit LMN to flexor muscles (maintaining balance on moving vehicle)
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14
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A
  • Facilitates bilateral LMN innervating postural and gross movement of muscles throughout the body
  • engaged in anticipatory postural adjustments (getting ready for running while awaiting go signal)
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15
Q

What does the medial corticospinal tract do?

A

Has a direct connection from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
- UMNs from this tract synapse with LMNs that control neck, shoulder and trunk muscles

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16
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract facilitate motor neurons to?

A

neck, shoulder and trunk muscles

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17
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract facilitate motor neurons to?

A

bilateral postural muscles and gross limb movement muscles of entire body

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18
Q

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract facilitate motor neurons to?

A

postural muscles

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19
Q

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract facilitate motor neurons to?

A

neck

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20
Q

What do motor cortices do?

A

plans and directs execution of voluntary or volitional somatic movement (pyramidal motor system)

21
Q

Why are motor cortices pyramidal?

A

due to the fact that the pathway from the cortex to the spinal cord runs through medullary pyramids, also called “corticospinal tract”

22
Q

What does the motor cortex include?

A
  1. primary motor cortex

2. supplementary motor area

23
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

pre-central gyrus

24
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • governing execution of voluntary movements
25
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area (SMA) and lateral premotor cortex?

A
  • part of three long frontal gyri

- superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri

26
Q

What does the supplementary motor area (SMA) and lateral premotor cortex do?

A

organize movement sequences and planning movements

27
Q

What is fractionation?

A

ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles
- essential for ADLs

28
Q

Fractionation is part of what tract?

A

lateral upper motor neuron tract

29
Q

What happens without fractionation?

A

the fingers and thumb would act as a single unit, as they do when picking up a water bottle

30
Q

What is the most important pathway for controlling voluntary movements?

A

lateral corticospinal tract (CST)

31
Q

Where does the CST arise?

A

from motor cortex

32
Q

Where do the axons project in the CST?

A

axons project downward to pass first through the internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, anterior pons, medullary pyramids and lateral spinal cord to synapse with LMNs that control fine movements

33
Q

What percentage of CST cross midline?

A

88

34
Q

What percentage of CST travel ipsilaterally?

A

10

35
Q

What percentage of CST travel in the medial CST?

A

2

36
Q

The lateal corticospinal tract projects?

A

mainly contralateral

37
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract facilitates what?

A

fractionate movements of the distal limbs

38
Q

The retrospinal tract projects?

A

contralateral upper limb

39
Q

The retrospinal tracct facilitates what?

A

extend wrist and fingers

40
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract arise?

A

fibers arise in the primary motor, premotor and SMA

41
Q

The the primary motor cortex, what is there an equivalent to?

A

somatotopy to cortical sensory representation

42
Q

What does the corticobrainstem tract facilitate?

A

lower motor neurons innervating the facial, vocalizing, eating, and large superficial neck muscles

43
Q

Where does the corticobrainstem arise?

A

fibers arise in the cerebral cortex, then project to the CN nuclei in the brainstem

44
Q

What are the two descending tracts associated with non-specific UMN?

A
  1. ceruleospinal tract

2. raphespinal tract

45
Q

When are both tracts of the non specific UMN tracts active?

A

during excessively limbic activities, hence being called part of the emotional motor system

46
Q

Where is the origin of the cereulospinal tract?

A

locus coeruleus in the brainstem

47
Q

What is the function of the cereulospinal tract?

A

enhances activity of interneurons and motor neurons throughout the spinal cord

48
Q

What is the origin of the raphespinal tract?

A

raphe nucleus in the brainstem

49
Q

What is the function of the raphespinal tract?

A

enhances activity of interneurons and motor neurons throughout the spinal cord

Neuro (23 decks)

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