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Neuro > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What tracts continue in the brainstem without alteration?

A

corticospinal tract

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2
Q

What tracts leave the brainstem?

A

reticulospinal tract

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3
Q

What tracts synapse in the brainstem nuclei?

A

corticobrainstem

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4
Q

What two sections is the brainstem divided into longitudinally?

A

basilar and tegmentum

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5
Q

What is the tectum involved in?

A

reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head

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6
Q

Where is the basilar section located?

A

anteriorly

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7
Q

What does the basilar section contain?

A

predominantly motor system structures

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8
Q

What descending axons from the cerebral cortex does the basilar contain?

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticoreticular tracts

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9
Q

What motor nuclei does the basilar contain?

A

substantia nigra, pontine nuclei, inferior olive

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10
Q

Where is the tegmentum located?

A

posteriorly

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11
Q

What does the tegmentum contain?

A

reticular formation
Sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei
The medial longitudinal fasciculus

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12
Q

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus do?

A

coordinates eye and head movements

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13
Q

What does the reticular formation include?

A

the reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways

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14
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A 
Integrates sensory and cortical information.
Regulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function, and consciousness.
Modulates nociceptive (pain) information
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15
Q

Where are the neurons that produce dopamine?

A

midbrain
substantia nigra
ventral tegmental

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16
Q

What does activation of VTA affect?

A

the ventral striatum producing feelings of pleasure and reward

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17
Q

Where is the Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) located?

A

caudal midbrain

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18
Q

What does the PPN influence?

A

movement

19
Q

How does the PPN influence movement?

A

Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
Limbic system
Reticular areas that give rise to reticulospinal tracts

20
Q

Where are cells that produce serotonin?

A

found along the midline of the brainstem in raphe nuclei.

21
Q

Where does the raphe nuclei supply serotonin to?

A

to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, tectum, cerebellum and spinal cord (rahpespinaltract)

22
Q

What are the sources of most norepinephrine in the CNS?

A

Locus Ceruleus and Medial Reticular Zone

23
Q

What do the ascending axons of the locus ceruleus do?

A

provides ability to direct attention

24
Q

What do the descending axons of the locus ceruleus do?

A

form the ceruleospinal tract as part of non-specific UMNs

25
Q

What does the medial reticular zone do?

A

regulates autonomic functions – cardiovascular, respiratory and visceral

26
Q

Consciousness:

A

awareness of self and surroundings

27
Q

Consciousness system:

A

governs alertness, sleep, and attention

28
Q

What are the brainstem components of the consciousness system?

A

reticular formation and its ascending reticular activating (ARA) system

29
Q

Pons:

A

processes motor information from the cerebral cortex and forwards the information to the cerebellum

30
Q

Midbrain:

A

controls many functions such as visual and auditory systems as well as eye movements

31
Q

Medulla

A

controlling head movements, coordinating swallowing and helping regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity

32
Q

What part of the medulla contain cranial nerve structures?

A

lower medulla

33
Q

What does the medullary neuronal network do?

A

contributes to control of head movements
coordinates swallowing
helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity

34
Q

What tracts synapse in the pons?

A

corticopontine and some corticobrainstem

35
Q

What processes sensory information from the face (CNV)?

A

pontine CN

36
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

the diencephalon and the pons

37
Q

What regions is the midbrain divided into?

A

Basis pedunculi
Tegmentum
Tectum

38
Q

What joins the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct, a small canal through the midbrain

39
Q

What does the pretectal area involved in?

A

the pupillary, consensual, and accommodation reflexes of the eye.

40
Q

What does the inferior colliculi do?

A

relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei to the superior colliculus and to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus

41
Q

What does the superior colloculi do?

A

involved in reflexive eye and head movements

42
Q

Summary of cerebellar functions:

A

Coordination of movement
Motor planning
Cognitive functions, including rapid shifts of attention

43
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

basic involuntary functions as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Neuro (23 decks)

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