Chapter 15

Question 1

What tracts continue in the brainstem without alteration?

Answer 1

corticospinal tract

Question 2

What tracts leave the brainstem?

Answer 2

reticulospinal tract

Question 3

What tracts synapse in the brainstem nuclei?

Answer 3

corticobrainstem

Question 4

What two sections is the brainstem divided into longitudinally?

Answer 4

basilar and tegmentum

Question 5

What is the tectum involved in?

Answer 5

reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head

Question 6

Where is the basilar section located?

Answer 6

anteriorly

Question 7

What does the basilar section contain?

Answer 7

predominantly motor system structures

Question 8

What descending axons from the cerebral cortex does the basilar contain?

Answer 8

corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticoreticular tracts

Question 9

What motor nuclei does the basilar contain?

Answer 9

substantia nigra, pontine nuclei, inferior olive

Question 10

Where is the tegmentum located?

Answer 10

posteriorly

Question 11

What does the tegmentum contain?

Answer 11

reticular formation
Sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei
The medial longitudinal fasciculus

Question 12

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus do?

Answer 12

coordinates eye and head movements

Question 13

What does the reticular formation include?

Answer 13

the reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways

Question 14

What does the reticular formation do?

Answer 14

Integrates sensory and cortical information.
Regulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function, and consciousness.
Modulates nociceptive (pain) information

Question 15

Where are the neurons that produce dopamine?

Answer 15

midbrain
substantia nigra
ventral tegmental

Question 16

What does activation of VTA affect?

Answer 16

the ventral striatum producing feelings of pleasure and reward

Question 17

Where is the Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) located?

Answer 17

caudal midbrain

Question 18

What does the PPN influence?

Answer 18

movement

Question 19

How does the PPN influence movement?

Answer 19

Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
Limbic system
Reticular areas that give rise to reticulospinal tracts

Question 20

Where are cells that produce serotonin?

Answer 20

found along the midline of the brainstem in raphe nuclei.

Question 21

Where does the raphe nuclei supply serotonin to?

Answer 21

to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, tectum, cerebellum and spinal cord (rahpespinaltract)

Question 22

What are the sources of most norepinephrine in the CNS?

Answer 22

Locus Ceruleus and Medial Reticular Zone

Question 23

What do the ascending axons of the locus ceruleus do?

Answer 23

provides ability to direct attention

Question 24

What do the descending axons of the locus ceruleus do?

Answer 24

form the ceruleospinal tract as part of non-specific UMNs

Question 25

What does the medial reticular zone do?

Answer 25

regulates autonomic functions – cardiovascular, respiratory and visceral

Question 26

Consciousness:

Answer 26

awareness of self and surroundings

Question 27

Consciousness system:

Answer 27

governs alertness, sleep, and attention

Question 28

What are the brainstem components of the consciousness system?

Answer 28

reticular formation and its ascending reticular activating (ARA) system

Question 29

Pons:

Answer 29

processes motor information from the cerebral cortex and forwards the information to the cerebellum

Question 30

Midbrain:

Answer 30

controls many functions such as visual and auditory systems as well as eye movements

Question 31

Medulla

Answer 31

controlling head movements, coordinating swallowing and helping regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity

Question 32

What part of the medulla contain cranial nerve structures?

Answer 32

lower medulla

Question 33

What does the medullary neuronal network do?

Answer 33

contributes to control of head movements coordinates swallowing helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity

Question 34

What tracts synapse in the pons?

Answer 34

corticopontine and some corticobrainstem

Question 35

What processes sensory information from the face (CNV)?

Answer 35

pontine CN

Question 36

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 36

the diencephalon and the pons

Question 37

What regions is the midbrain divided into?

Answer 37

Basis pedunculi Tegmentum Tectum

Question 38

What joins the third and fourth ventricles?

Answer 38

Cerebral aqueduct, a small canal through the midbrain

Question 39

What does the pretectal area involved in?

Answer 39

the pupillary, consensual, and accommodation reflexes of the eye.

Question 40

What does the inferior colliculi do?

Answer 40

relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei to the superior colliculus and to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus

Question 41

What does the superior colloculi do?

Answer 41

involved in reflexive eye and head movements

Question 42

Summary of cerebellar functions:

Answer 42

Coordination of movement Motor planning Cognitive functions, including rapid shifts of attention

Question 43

What is the brain stem responsible for?

Answer 43

basic involuntary functions as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure