Chapter 16 Park 2

Question 1

Oscillopsia

Answer 1

Lack of visual stabilization; e.g., the world appears to bounce up and down as a result of a failure of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 2

Nystagmus

Answer 2

Involuntary back-and-forth movements of the eyes composed of slow component in one direction and interrupted by fast saccadic-like movements in the opposite direction.

Question 3

Pathologic nystagmus

Answer 3

Abnormal oscillating eye movements that occur with or without external stimulation.

Question 4

Physiologic nystagmus

Answer 4

Normal involuntary back-and-forth eye movements that can be elicited in an intact nervous system by rotational or temperature stimulation of the semicircular canals or by moving the eyes to the extreme horizontal position.

Question 5

Fistula

Answer 5

an abnormal passage that leads from one hollow organ or part to another

Question 6

Paroxysm

Answer 6

a sudden attack or increase of symptoms of a disease (such as pain, coughing, shaking, etc.) that often occurs again and again

Question 7

Vertigo

Answer 7

Illusion of motion; is common in vestibular disorders

Question 8

What is the most common symptom of vestibular disorder?

Answer 8

vertigo

Question 9

What disorders does vertigo occur with?

Answer 9

peripheral and central

Question 10

What does vertigo arise from?

Answer 10

arises from a disturbance of spatial orientation in the vestibular cortex.

Question 11

What always accompanies peripheral vertigo?

Answer 11

nystagmus

Question 12

What does peripheral vestibular disorders typically cause?

Answer 12

recurring periods of vertigo and more severe nausea than central disorders

Question 13

Common peripheral vestibular disorders:

Answer 13

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV),
vestibular neuritis, 
Ménière’s disease, 
traumatic injury, and 
perilymph fistula

Question 14

Inner ear disorders that cause the acute onset of vertigo and nystagmus are

Answer 14

benign
paroxysmal
positional

Question 15

Benign:

Answer 15

Is not malignant

Question 16

Paroxysmal

Answer 16

Has a sudden onset of a symptom or disease

Question 17

Positional

Answer 17

Denotes head position as the provoking stimulus

Question 18

What are activities that provoke BPPV?

Answer 18

Getting into or out of bed
Bending over to look under a bed
Reaching up to retrieve something from a high shelf
Turning over in bed

Question 19

What causes BPPV?

Answer 19

the displacement of otoconia from the macula into a semicircular canal

Question 20

Vestibular Neuritis

Answer 20

an inflammation of the vestibular nerve 
and is usually caused by a virus

Question 21

Symptoms of vestibular neuritis:

Answer 21

dysequilibrium, 
spontaneous nystagmus, nausea, and 
severe vertigo
hearing is unaffected

Question 22

Ménière Disease

Answer 22

Causes a sensation of fullness in the ear, tinnitus, severe acute vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and hearing loss.
Is associated with abnormal fluid pressure in the inner ear

Question 23

What is perilymph?

Answer 23

fluid in the space between the 
bone and the membranous labyrinth in the 
inner ear

Question 24

When does a fistula occur?

Answer 24

an opening occurs between the middle and inner ear

Question 25

What happens with a fistula?

Answer 25

perilymph to leak from the inner ear into the middle ear

Question 26

What does a perilymph fistula cause?

Answer 26

the abrupt onset of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo

Question 27

Bilateral Lesions of the Vestibular Nerve

Answer 27

Interfere with reflexive eye movements in response to head movement

Question 28

What is oscillopsia?

Answer 28

the subjective sensation of visual objects bouncing when the head is moving or the persons is walking

Question 29

Why does oscillopsia occur?

Answer 29

because normal reflexive adjustments for head movement are decreased

Question 30

Central Vestibular Disorders

Answer 30

Are the result of damage to the vestibular nuclei or to the connections within the brain

Question 31

Symptoms Central Vestibular Disorders:

Answer 31

Typically produce milder symptoms than peripheral disorders

Question 32

What are central vestibular disorders commonly the result of?

Answer 32

ischemia or tumors in the brainstem/cerebellar region cerebellar degeneration, multiple sclerosis, or Arnold-Chiari malformation

Question 33

Unilateral Vestibular Loss

Answer 33

Causes problems with posture, eye movement control, and nausea because signals from the intact side are not balanced by those from the lesion side

Question 34

Cortically blind:

Answer 34

have no awareness of any visual information

Question 35

Blind sight

Answer 35

is the ability of an individual who is cortically blind to orient or point to visual objects

Question 36

What is blind sight contingent upon?

Answer 36

intact function of retina and pathways from retina to superior colliculus

Question 37

Anopsia

Answer 37

Loss of sight in one or both eyes

Question 38

Hemianopsia

Answer 38

Loss of sight in one half of the visual field

Question 39

Homonymous hemianopsia

Answer 39

Loss of vision in the left or right visual field of both eyes