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Neuro > Chapter 13 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral Root

A

Contains efferent axons, including axons that innervate skeletal muscle.

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2
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Contains sensory axons that connect with a single segment of the spinal cord.

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3
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Contains all of the motor, sensory, and autonomic axons of a single spinal segment.

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4
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Contains cell bodies of primary sensory neurons.

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5
Q

Tract cell

A

Neuron with a long axon that conveys information from the spinal cord to the brain.

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6
Q

Propriospinal neuron

A

Neuron that begins and ends within the spinal cord.

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7
Q

Doral ramus

A

Innervates paravertebral muscles, posterior vertebral structures, and overlying cutaneous areas.

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8
Q

What is a significant feature of the spinal cord?

A

segmental organization

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9
Q

How is each segment of the cord connected to a specific region of the body?

A

by axons traveling through a pair of spinal nerves.

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10
Q

Where are spinal nerve found in the cervical region?

A

above the corresponding vertebrae, except the eighth spinal nerve

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11
Q

Where do spinal nerves lie in the remainder of the cord?

A

below the corresponding vertebrae

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12
Q

What does white matter surround?

A

gray matter

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13
Q

What does what matter do?

A

contains axons that link the cord with the brain

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14
Q

How is gray matter classified?

A

10 histologic regions, called Rexed’s laminae

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15
Q

What do Laminae I and II do?

A

process information about pain

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16
Q

What does the dorsal horn do?

A

processes sensory information

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17
Q

What does the lateral horn do?

A

processes autonomic information, and present at T1-L2 segments

18
Q

What does the ventral horn do?

A

processes motor information

19
Q

What are meninges?

A

layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord, and
are continuous with the meninges surrounding the brain

20
Q

What is pia matter?

A

closely adheres to the spinal cord surface

21
Q

What is arachnoid?

A

separated from the pia by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space

22
Q

What is dura?

A

tough, outer laye

23
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

exchange information with brain and peripheral nerve structures and other segments

24
Q

What do interneuronal circuits do?

A

integrate the activity from all sources and adjust output of lower motor neurons

25
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

coordinate activity in all the muscles when a limb moves

26
Q

What are stepping pattern generators?

A

Are adaptable neural networks that produce rhythmic output

27
Q

How do stepping pattern generators work?

A

Contribute to stepping by activating LMNs, eliciting alternating flexion and extension at the hips and knees

28
Q

How are stepping pattern generators activated?

A

when the person voluntarily sends signals from the brain to the CPGs in the spinal cord to initiate walking

29
Q

Rexed lamina I (marginal zone)

A

Project neurons that receive input form small diameter afferents; once source of anteriolateral system projections

30
Q

Rexed lamina II (substantia gelatinosa)

A

interneurons that receive input mainly from small diameter afferents; integrates feedforward and feeback inputs that modulate pain transmission

31
Q

Rexed lamina III/IV (nucleus proprius)

A

interneurons that integrate inputs from small and large diameter afferents

32
Q

Rexed lamina V/VI (base of dorsal horn)

A

projection neurons that receive input from both large and small diameter affterents and spinal interneurons; another source of anterolateral system projections

33
Q

Rexed lamina VII (intermediate gray)

A

interneurons that communicate between dorsal and ventral horns; includes dorsal nucleus of Clarke

34
Q

Rexed lamina VIII (motor interneurons)

A

interneurons in the medial aspect of ventral horn that coordinate the activities of lower motor neurons

35
Q

Rexed lamina IX (motor neuron columns)

A

columns of lower motor neurons that govern limb musculature

36
Q

Rezed lamina X (central gray)

A

interneurons surrounding the rudiment of the central cord

37
Q

What do interneurons in inhibited circuits do?

A

contribute to spinal cord motor coordination

38
Q

What do inhibitory interneurons provide:

A

Reciprocal inhibition

Recurrent inhibition

39
Q

What does reciprocal inhibition do?

A

Decreases activity in antagonist when an agonist is active, allowing the agonist to act unoppose
separates muscles into agonists and antagonists

40
Q

What is recurrent inhibition?

A

Effects opposite to reciprocal inhibition: inhibition of agonists and synergists, disinhibition of antagonists

41
Q

What are Renshaw cells?

A

interneurons that produce recurrent inhibition

42
Q

How are Renshaw cells stimulated?

A

by a recurrent collateral branch from the alpha motor neuron

Neuro (23 decks)

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