Chapters 1-4 - Introduction

Question 1

oscillate constantly to maintain homeostasis

Answer 1

feedback loops

Question 2

negative feedback blank input signal

Answer 2

decreases

Question 3

positive feedback blank input signal

Answer 3

increases

Question 4

law of mass action

Answer 4

when a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the products and substrates remains constant

Question 5

enzymes modify reactions in these two ways

Answer 5

lowering activation energy, increasing meeting of substrates

Question 6

enzyme activity can be controlled by both blank and blank factors

Answer 6

organic, inorganic

Question 7

inorganic factors do what to control the enzyme and an example is blank

Answer 7

alter the active site, charge

Question 8

organic factors are like blank and they do what to control enzyme activity…. example) blank

Answer 8

additional substrates, remove atoms/groups during reactions, vitamins

Question 9

blank modulators can also control enzyme activity such as blank and blank

Answer 9

chemical, temp, ph

Question 10

why does temp control enzyme activity

Answer 10

increases activity until it is too high and denatures the enzyme

Question 11

how pH controls enzyme activity

Answer 11

as pH approaches optimum for specific enzyme, activity increases but decreases when optimum pH is passed

Question 12

the protein that breaks down proteins and is in stomach

Answer 12

pepsin

Question 13

example is pepsin and catalyze same reaction, but in different optimum conditions

Answer 13

enzyme isoforms

Question 14

kinase is what kind of chemical reaction

Answer 14

exchange with phosphate

Question 15

phosphorylase is what kind of reaction

Answer 15

addition of phosphate

Question 16

phosphatase is what kind of reaction

Answer 16

subtraction of phosphate

Question 17

atp to power a reaction is called

Answer 17

ATPase

Question 18

aerobic respiration is really blank and blank

Answer 18

glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

anaerobic respiration is really blank and blank

Answer 19

glycolysis, fermentation

Question 20

what is nice about anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

pyruvate reverse reaction cannot happen once lactic acid is formed so the pyruvate can be used later

Question 21

making glucose by splitting glycogen

Answer 21

glycogenolysis

Question 22

glycogen is a storage blank in the blank and blank

Answer 22

polysaccharide, muscles, liver

Question 23

making new glucose is called

Answer 23

gluconeogenesis

Question 24

gluconeogenesis uses blank, blank and blank…. it is like blank when those materials are used

Answer 24

glycerol, amino acids, lactate, reverse glycolysis

Question 25

why does excess glucose need to be stored

Answer 25

excess glucose would dehydrate you if it stays in the blood

Question 26

lipid synthesis and glucose storage generally occurs where

Answer 26

smooth ER and cytosol

Question 27

three steps of lipid synthesis

Answer 27

1. glycerol is made from glycolysis
2. two-carbon acetyl units from acetyl CoA form fatty acids
3. 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride

Question 28

why is the long term storage molecule a lipid rather than a carbohydrate?

Answer 28

fats are non polar so water is not attracted which makes it so no dehydration occurs. If long term storage was in glycogen then one would retain too much water since it is a polar carbohydrate.

Question 29

5 steps of protein synthesis

Answer 29

1. gene activation
2. transcription
3. mRNA processing
4. Translation
5. Modification

Question 30

glycolysis occurs where

Answer 30

cytosol

Question 31

citric acid cycle and ETC occurs where

Answer 31

mitochondria

Question 32

gene activation, transcription, and mRNA processing all occur where?

Answer 32

nucleus

Question 33

translation and modification occur where

Answer 33

cytoplasm