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Physiology > Chapter 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 & 13 Flashcards

0
Q

blank is not in the z line because blank anchors it to the z line

A

myosin, titin

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1
Q

contractile functional proteins

A

actin and myosin

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2
Q

blank cover active site on blank to prevent blank heads from binding

A

troponin/tropomyosin, actin, myosin

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3
Q

force created by muscle

A

muscle tension

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4
Q

creation of tension

A

contraction

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5
Q

release of tension

A

relaxation

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6
Q

weight opposing contraction

A

load

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7
Q

blank is physically linked to blank

A

DHP, RyR

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8
Q

state when the myosin head is bound to the actin with no ADP or ATP to be found

A

rigor state

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9
Q

rigor state is the most blank state

A

stable

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10
Q

blank is needed to get the myosin out of the rigor state in the blank phase

A

ATP, relaxation

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11
Q

on muscle contraction there is not really much of a blank

A

hyperpolarization

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12
Q

longest electrical event in contraction

A

muscle twitch

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13
Q

three electrical events in contraction

A

neuron AP, muscle AP, muscle twitch

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14
Q

speed tension in muscle fiber is determined by

A

speed of myosin binding ATP and letting it go

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15
Q

max tension in muscle fiber is determined by

A

number of myosin crossbridges formed

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16
Q

twitch duration of muscle fiber is determined by

A

more calcium pumps and faster they work the shorter the twitch duration

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17
Q

blank creatine kinase is different than blank creatine kinase

A

cardiac, skeletal

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18
Q

two types of fatigue

A

central, peripheral

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19
Q

fatigue when the muscle can no longer respond to signal

A

peripheral

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20
Q

fatigue when signal cannot be sent to muscle

A

central

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21
Q

central fatigue is a blank function

A

protective

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22
Q

extended submaximal exercise results in blank which causes fatigue

A

decreased glycogen stores

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23
Q

short duration maximal exertion does what in cytosol to cause fatigue

A

increases inorganic phosphate

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24
Q

increasing phosphate is negative so it binds blank and blanks levels of calcium

A

calcium, decreases

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25
Q

Two structural proteins in muscles

A

Titin and nebulin

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26
Q

Structural protein that anchors myosin to z line and provides elasticity

A

Titin

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27
Q

Structural protein that provides structure for actin

A

Nebulin

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28
Q

Regulatory proteins in muscles

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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29
Q

Troponin and tropomyosin bind blank and blank active sites

A

Ca ions, cover

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30
Q

extended maximal exercise fatigue is caused by

A

increased K+ in ECF of t tubules and increase of H+ in ICF

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31
Q

muscle fibers powered by glycolysis

A

glycolytic

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32
Q

muscle fibers powered by oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxidative

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33
Q

three types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow twitch oxidative red, fast twitch oxidative glycolytic red, fast twitch glycolytic white

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34
Q

fastest muscle fiber

A

fast twitch glycolytic white because only uses glycolysis

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35
Q

skeletal muscle fiber requiring most blood supply

A

slow twitch oxidative red

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36
Q

this stores oxygen in muscles kind of like hemoglobin

A

myoglobin

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37
Q

muscles that are really only used for posture

A

slow twitch oxidative red

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38
Q

muscle fibers that are developed as endurance runner

A

fast twitch oxidative glycolytic red

39
Q

occurs if the muscle is told to contract twice before it can relax after the first one

40
Q

blank tetanus is when there is still a small relaxation period but it is at max tension

41
Q

blank tetanus is when there is no relaxation during max tension of muscle

42
Q

two ways to increase tension

A

mechanical summation, recruitment

43
Q

stimulate same motor units at higher frequency way to increase tension

A

mechanical summation

44
Q

increase stimulation to exceed threshold in more motor units way to increase tension

A

recruitment

45
Q

biggest motor units cannot be blank

A

consciously recruited

46
Q

muscle disorder called overuse is blank

A

tearing connective tissue or muscle fibers

47
Q

repairing from overuse is done by blank

A

hypertrophy

48
Q

disuse and atrophy of muscles leads to decreased blank , blank, and blank

A

enzymes, blood supply, contractile proteins

49
Q

inherited muscle disorder that causes myophosphorylase deficiency which leads to no glycogenolysis

A

mcardle’s disease

50
Q

mcardle’s disease affects which muscle fiber

A

glycolytic white

51
Q

this is inherited muscle disorder where one is lacking dystrophin

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

52
Q

anchors actin to cell membrane

A

dystrophin

53
Q

most common type of smooth muscle and acts as one due to blank

A

single unit, gap junctions

54
Q

ICF full of calcium ions causes contractile force in blank smooth muscle

A

single unit

55
Q

contractile force in this type of smooth muscle is caused by recruitment

A

multi unit

56
Q

uterus has blank smooth muscle for birth and blank smooth muscle for menstruation

A

single unit, multi unit

57
Q

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is blank than striated and maintains force for blank periods

A

slower, longer

58
Q

smooth muscle is not controlled by blank, it is blank

A

troponin-tropomyosin, enzyme regulation

59
Q

there are no blank in smooth muscles

A

sarcomeres

60
Q

smooth muscle has less blank than skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

cyclical exceed of threshold and is always on but changes rates like tonic control

62
Q

chemical signals can also cause blank rather than blank stimulus

A

contraction, electrical

63
Q

changing enzyme activity without ion movement can be done via blank rather than blank in smooth muscle causing more blank without changing blank

A

transduction, signaling, muscle tension, membrane potential

64
Q

with higher levels of blank, more myosin crossbridges will be formed to increase blank

A

MLCK, muscle tension

65
Q

increasing blank will cause more myosin crossbridges to be blank in smooth muscle

A

myosin phosphatase, broken

66
Q

beta blank receptors are involved in blank control

67
Q

three ways to regulate smooth muscles

A

modification of Ca ions in ICF, ANS, hormones

68
Q

cardiac muscle is unique because it shares some aspects of blank and blank

A

smooth, skeletal

69
Q

cardiac muscle is blank and has blank structure like skeletal muscle

A

striated, sarcomere

70
Q

cardiac muscle is regulated by blank like skeletal muscle

A

troponin-tropomyosin

71
Q

cardiac muscle fibers are unlike skeletal because muscle fibers are blank with blank nucleus and does not have blank physically linked to blank

A

shorter, one, DHP, RYR

72
Q

cardiac muscle is like smooth because it has blank synapses and exhibit blank potentials

A

electrical, pacemaker

73
Q

cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle because it is under blank and blank control

A

hormonal, autonomic

74
Q

three types of proprioceptors

A

golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint receptors

75
Q

golgi tendon organs regulate blank

A

isometric tension

76
Q

muscle spindles regulate blank

77
Q

joint receptors regulate blank

78
Q

skeletal muscle reflexes synapse onto first order blank neuron usually into blank tracts

A

sensory, spinocerebellar

79
Q

CNS integrates blank signal in a skeletal muscle reflex

80
Q

blank motor neurons carry output signal in a skeletal muscle reflex

A

somatic alpha

81
Q

alpha motor neuron carries skeletal muscle reflex to blank fibers

A

skeletal muscle

82
Q

these skeletal muscle fibers go from origin to the insertion

A

extrafusal fibers (alpha motor neurons)

83
Q

muscle spindles that span from origin or insertion to the middle muscle spindles, not from origin to insertion

A

intrafusal fibers

84
Q

the ends are blank in intrafusal fibers but the central region is blank

A

contractile, not (sensory)

85
Q

these motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers

86
Q

gamma motor units increase blank in spindle

87
Q

gamma motor neurons are blank sensitive to stretch

88
Q

when extrafusals contract, intrafusals increase blank to stay sensitive to stretch

89
Q

if gamma is not used then the amount of blank input goes blank

A

sensory, down

90
Q

sensory and somatic neurons are usually linked by blank

A

interneurons

91
Q

sensory and somatic neurons can cause blank or blank

A

inhibition, excitation

92
Q

all pathways controlling a single joint =

A

myotatic unit

93
Q

this prevents antagonistic muscles from opposing action

A

reciprocal inhibition

94
Q

spinal cord integrates spinal reflexes and contains blank for rhythmic movements

A

central pattern generators

95
Q

rhythmic movements are initiated and terminated by blank

A

cerebral cortex

Physiology (11 decks)

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