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Physiology > Chapter - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

pressure exerted by non moving fluid

A

hydrostatic

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1
Q

hepatic portal vein takes blood from blank tract to the blank before it goes back to the heart

A

digestive, liver

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2
Q

hydrostatic pressure only applies to blank because it is not moving

A

ICF

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3
Q

pressure of fluid in motion

A

hydraulic

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4
Q

hydrostatic is equal in all blank

A

directions

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5
Q

forward pressure of flow in hydraulic

A

driving

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6
Q

sideways pressure on vessel hydraulic

A

lateral

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7
Q

lateral and driving pressure decrease due to

A

friction

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8
Q

liquids are not very blank or blank

A

compressible, expandable

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9
Q

volume changes of liquids indicate blank

A

big pressure changes

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10
Q

contracting/relaxing muscles alters blank of heart and blood vessels

A

volume

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11
Q

fluids always flow from blank pressure to blank

A

high, low

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12
Q

the major source of peripheral resistance

A

arterioles

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13
Q

arterioles have to provide so much resistance because

A

if they did not then the capillaries would be under too much pressure and burst and not do enough nutrient exchange due to a lower contact time

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14
Q

bigger pressure gradient results in blank flow

A

faster

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15
Q

the lower the resistance the blank the flow

A

faster

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16
Q

two determinants of flow rate

A

pressure gradient, resistance from frictio

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17
Q

resistance can be due to these things

A

viscosity of fluid, length of tube, diameter of tube

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18
Q

velocity equation

A

velocity (V) = flow rate (q) / cross sectional area (a)

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19
Q

veins change the blank to increase velocity of blood flow

A

cross sectional area

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20
Q

mean arterial pressure equation

A

MAP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance

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21
Q

probably the biggest determinant of blood viscosity

A

hematocrit

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22
Q

a rainforest sumo would have the biggest left ventricle because

A

he is large so he will have more pressure because longer blood vessels. also he cannot sweat which would cause viscosity of blood to increase which increases pressure

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23
Q

most problems in heart valves occur in the blank valve because

A

bicuspid, it has to stay closed during the time when the left ventricle is creating so much pressure to prevent back flow

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24
Q

intercalated disks have a lot of blank and has these for electrical synapse

A

surface area, gap junctions

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25
Q

cardiac muscle has these simply for more surface area unlike skeletal muscle

A

t tubules

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26
Q

cardiac muscle have smaller blank than skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

mitochondria occupy blank of cell volume of cardiac cell and therefore relies on blank for most of the energy

A

one third, oxidative phosphorylation

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28
Q

main difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A

DHP physically linked to RYR

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29
Q

one difference between cardiac and skeletal relaxation

A

skeletal muscle does not move calcium into ECF like cardiac does in one pathway

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30
Q

difference between smooth muscle and cardiac muscle relaxation regarding actin and myosin

A

calcium unbinds from calmodulin in smooth and troponin in cardiac

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31
Q

one difference between cardiac and smooth muscles relaxation

A

smooth muscle has calcium pumps on cell membrane but cardiac muscle has exchangers (symporters) that are not active transport

32
Q

cardiac twitches can be blank unlike skeletal muscle which are all or none

A

graded

33
Q

more calcium in cardiac twitches increases number of blank which increases blank

A

crossbridges, degree of tension

34
Q

if more blood enters the heart then a blank contraction will occur to pump it

A

stronger

35
Q

watch study video regarding myocardial contractile cells

A

okay

36
Q

three ions in blank action potential rather than blank in blank

A

cardiac, two, skeletal muscle

37
Q

longer action potential causes a longer

A

refractory period

38
Q

longer refractory period prevents blank and blank

A

summation, tetanus

39
Q

the blank wave is the site of blank and lies behind blank

A

u, atrial repolarization, qrs

40
Q

heart sounds are caused by blank

A

blood crashing into the closed av / semilunar valves

41
Q

during repolarization, the blank close to stop blank

A

valves, backflow of blood

42
Q

after blood has hit the closed wall, there will be a massive rush backwards causing a quick spike in pressure known as the blank

A

dicrotic notch

43
Q

blank pressure goes away in capillaries because the flow of blood has encountered so much blank

A

pulsatile, resistancd

44
Q

main determinant of venous return to the heart

A

blood volume is greater than venous compliance

45
Q

blank is the pushing out of blood vessels while blank is the returning to normal of blood vessels

A

compliance, elasticity

46
Q

main determinant of systolic pressure

A

stroke volume greater than heart rate

47
Q

main determinant of diastolic pressure

A

peripheral resistance

48
Q

main determinant of pulse pressure

A

arterial compliance greater than blood volume

49
Q

pulse pressure is the blank

A

difference between diastolic and systolic pressure

50
Q

blood pumped by left ventricle during a contraction

A

stroke volume

51
Q

volume of blood pumped by left ventricle in a given period of time

A

cardiac output

52
Q

average cardiac output

A

5 L/min

53
Q

increased blank volume equals increased blank volume

A

end diastolic, stroked

54
Q

sympathetic nervous system causes veins to be less

A

compliant

55
Q

blank cells determine heart rate

A

autorhythmic

56
Q

blank cells determine stroke volume

A

contractile

57
Q

two determinants of cardiac output

A

stroke volume, heart rate

58
Q

local reflexive vasodilation

A

hyperemia

59
Q

hyperemia caused by metabolism is blank

A

active

60
Q

hyperemia caused by a decrease in perfusion

A

reactive

61
Q

reactive hyperemia is when blank decreases and it needs to be brought back up

A

blood volume

62
Q

active hyperemia occurs when metabolism increases and blank needs to match it

A

blood volume

63
Q

the larger the blank, the smaller the blank with blood flow

A

cross sectional area, velocity

64
Q

the slowest blood vessel so more blank can be done

A

capillaries, exchange

65
Q

capillary exchange that is simple diffusion and is regulated by how close together the cells are

A

paracellular

66
Q

capillary exchange that is facilitated diffusion or active transport and is regulated by proteins in the membrane

A

transcellular

67
Q

capillary exchange that is mass movement of fluid

A

bulk flow

68
Q

bulk flow is dictated by blank and blank pressure gradients

A

hydraulic, osmotic

69
Q

fluid movement out of capillaries

A

filtration

70
Q

there is net blank throughout artery

A

filtration

71
Q

fluid movement into capillaries

A

absorption

72
Q

net blank occurs at venous end

A

absorption

73
Q

during absorption blank force is stronger than blank

A

osmotic, hydraulic lateral

74
Q

during filtration, blank force is stronger than blank

A

hydraulic lateral, osmotic

75
Q

this occurs when about 3 liters of fluid is filtered daily by bulk flow

A

edema

76
Q

edema needs the plasma to be returned by the blank

A

lymphatic system

77
Q

two causes of edema

A

inadequate drainage of lymph, capillary filtration far greater than absorption

78
Q

why do malnourished people have distended abdomens?

A

decreased colloid osmotic pressure because body does not have enough proteins so absorption of fluid from intestines is not high enough. therefore more fluid is leaving to try and get as much protein out of the small intestines as possible

Physiology (11 decks)

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