Chapter - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
pressure exerted by non moving fluid
hydrostatic
hepatic portal vein takes blood from blank tract to the blank before it goes back to the heart
digestive, liver
hydrostatic pressure only applies to blank because it is not moving
ICF
pressure of fluid in motion
hydraulic
hydrostatic is equal in all blank
directions
forward pressure of flow in hydraulic
driving
sideways pressure on vessel hydraulic
lateral
lateral and driving pressure decrease due to
friction
liquids are not very blank or blank
compressible, expandable
volume changes of liquids indicate blank
big pressure changes
contracting/relaxing muscles alters blank of heart and blood vessels
volume
fluids always flow from blank pressure to blank
high, low
the major source of peripheral resistance
arterioles
arterioles have to provide so much resistance because
if they did not then the capillaries would be under too much pressure and burst and not do enough nutrient exchange due to a lower contact time
bigger pressure gradient results in blank flow
faster
the lower the resistance the blank the flow
faster
two determinants of flow rate
pressure gradient, resistance from frictio
resistance can be due to these things
viscosity of fluid, length of tube, diameter of tube
velocity equation
velocity (V) = flow rate (q) / cross sectional area (a)
veins change the blank to increase velocity of blood flow
cross sectional area
mean arterial pressure equation
MAP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
probably the biggest determinant of blood viscosity
hematocrit
a rainforest sumo would have the biggest left ventricle because
he is large so he will have more pressure because longer blood vessels. also he cannot sweat which would cause viscosity of blood to increase which increases pressure
most problems in heart valves occur in the blank valve because
bicuspid, it has to stay closed during the time when the left ventricle is creating so much pressure to prevent back flow
intercalated disks have a lot of blank and has these for electrical synapse
surface area, gap junctions
cardiac muscle has these simply for more surface area unlike skeletal muscle
t tubules
cardiac muscle have smaller blank than skeletal muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria occupy blank of cell volume of cardiac cell and therefore relies on blank for most of the energy
one third, oxidative phosphorylation
main difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
DHP physically linked to RYR
one difference between cardiac and skeletal relaxation
skeletal muscle does not move calcium into ECF like cardiac does in one pathway
difference between smooth muscle and cardiac muscle relaxation regarding actin and myosin
calcium unbinds from calmodulin in smooth and troponin in cardiac
one difference between cardiac and smooth muscles relaxation
smooth muscle has calcium pumps on cell membrane but cardiac muscle has exchangers (symporters) that are not active transport
cardiac twitches can be blank unlike skeletal muscle which are all or none
graded
more calcium in cardiac twitches increases number of blank which increases blank
crossbridges, degree of tension
if more blood enters the heart then a blank contraction will occur to pump it
stronger
watch study video regarding myocardial contractile cells
okay
three ions in blank action potential rather than blank in blank
cardiac, two, skeletal muscle
longer action potential causes a longer
refractory period
longer refractory period prevents blank and blank
summation, tetanus
the blank wave is the site of blank and lies behind blank
u, atrial repolarization, qrs
heart sounds are caused by blank
blood crashing into the closed av / semilunar valves
during repolarization, the blank close to stop blank
valves, backflow of blood
after blood has hit the closed wall, there will be a massive rush backwards causing a quick spike in pressure known as the blank
dicrotic notch
blank pressure goes away in capillaries because the flow of blood has encountered so much blank
pulsatile, resistancd
main determinant of venous return to the heart
blood volume is greater than venous compliance
blank is the pushing out of blood vessels while blank is the returning to normal of blood vessels
compliance, elasticity
main determinant of systolic pressure
stroke volume greater than heart rate
main determinant of diastolic pressure
peripheral resistance
main determinant of pulse pressure
arterial compliance greater than blood volume
pulse pressure is the blank
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
blood pumped by left ventricle during a contraction
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped by left ventricle in a given period of time
cardiac output
average cardiac output
5 L/min
increased blank volume equals increased blank volume
end diastolic, stroked
sympathetic nervous system causes veins to be less
compliant
blank cells determine heart rate
autorhythmic
blank cells determine stroke volume
contractile
two determinants of cardiac output
stroke volume, heart rate
local reflexive vasodilation
hyperemia
hyperemia caused by metabolism is blank
active
hyperemia caused by a decrease in perfusion
reactive
reactive hyperemia is when blank decreases and it needs to be brought back up
blood volume
active hyperemia occurs when metabolism increases and blank needs to match it
blood volume
the larger the blank, the smaller the blank with blood flow
cross sectional area, velocity
the slowest blood vessel so more blank can be done
capillaries, exchange
capillary exchange that is simple diffusion and is regulated by how close together the cells are
paracellular
capillary exchange that is facilitated diffusion or active transport and is regulated by proteins in the membrane
transcellular
capillary exchange that is mass movement of fluid
bulk flow
bulk flow is dictated by blank and blank pressure gradients
hydraulic, osmotic
fluid movement out of capillaries
filtration
there is net blank throughout artery
filtration
fluid movement into capillaries
absorption
net blank occurs at venous end
absorption
during absorption blank force is stronger than blank
osmotic, hydraulic lateral
during filtration, blank force is stronger than blank
hydraulic lateral, osmotic
this occurs when about 3 liters of fluid is filtered daily by bulk flow
edema
edema needs the plasma to be returned by the blank
lymphatic system
two causes of edema
inadequate drainage of lymph, capillary filtration far greater than absorption
why do malnourished people have distended abdomens?
decreased colloid osmotic pressure because body does not have enough proteins so absorption of fluid from intestines is not high enough. therefore more fluid is leaving to try and get as much protein out of the small intestines as possible
