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Physiology > Chapter 6 - Communication & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Communication & Homeostasis Flashcards

0
Q

direct contact communication where chemical and/or electrical signals and diffuse through cytoplasm

A

gap junctions

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1
Q

two direct contact forms of communication between cells

A

gap junctions, contact-dependent signals

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2
Q

direct cell contact communication require interaction between membrane molecules and transfers signals in both directions

A

contact-dependent

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3
Q

cell communication that is a local signal and the ligand is released into the ECF… two methods

A

autocrine signals, paracrine signals

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4
Q

local cell communcation signal that acts on the same cell that secreted them

A

autocrine signals

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5
Q

local cell communication signal that diffuse to act on adjacent cells

A

paracrine signals

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6
Q

neurotransmitters are secreted by blank that diffuse across a blank to the blank cell

A

neurons, synapse, target

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7
Q

diffusion distance of neurotransmitters is blank but the neuron is blank

A

short, long

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8
Q

hormones are secreted by blank glands or cells directly into the blank system

A

endocrine, circulatory

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9
Q

target cells only respond if they have blank for blank

A

receptors, ligand

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10
Q

neurohormones are released by blank directly into the blank…. called blank

A

neurons, blood, neuroendocrine

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11
Q

neurohormones are blank so they travel blank in blood

A

polar, fast

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12
Q

these may act as both local and systemic signals

A

cytokines

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13
Q

all nucleated cells secrete blank following stimuli

A

cytokines

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14
Q

cytokines in development & differentiation is blank

A

autocrine/paracrine

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15
Q

cytokines in stress and inflammation is blank

A

paracrine/endocrine

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16
Q

if ligand has blank then it cannot cross blank on its own so receptors must be on the blank

A

charge, membrane, outside

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17
Q

if ligand is non polar then it can go through the cell blank so the receptor location can be anywhere on the blank of the cell

A

membrane, inside

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18
Q

four types of membrane receptors

A

receptor channel (chemically gated ion channels), receptor-enzyme, G protein coupled receptor, integrin receptor

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19
Q

all membrane receptors begin with a binding to blank

A

ligand

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20
Q

integrin receptor binds to ligand then changes what

A

shape of the entire cell

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21
Q

receptor enzyme binds to ligand which triggers release of blank

A

enzyme

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22
Q

G protein coupled receptor binds to ligand which sends another signal to blank

A

something else to perform an action

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23
Q

receptor channel membrane receptors are the blank

A

fastest

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24
Q

G protein receptors are the blank

A

slowest

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25
Q

all membrane receptors require blank to change ICF environment

A

signal transduction

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26
Q

this occurs in signal transduction where small amounts of ligand have blank cellular effects

A

big, amplification

27
Q

signal transduction has a blank response to a single ligand, this is called blank

A

coordinated, diversification

28
Q

overlapping transduction pathways for multiple controls for each response

A

redundancy

29
Q

G proteins bind to these two nucleotides

A

GDP, GTP

30
Q

GDP is blank

A

inactivated

31
Q

GTP is blank

A

activated

32
Q

amplifier enzymes convert one thing into something that creates…

A

another active substance that actually performs a function

33
Q

for example… viagra does not cause someone to have erection but once you get one then it takes longer to blank

A

go away

34
Q

lipid derived paracrine signals produced by the arachidonic acid cascade

A

eicosanoids

35
Q

eicosanoids are produced by the blank acid cascade

A

arachidonic

36
Q

these are leukocytes that cause bronchoconstriction

A

leukotrienes

37
Q

inflammation in tissues caused by

A

prostaglandins

38
Q

the natural ligand activates a receptor and a direct blank also activates the same receptor

A

agonist

39
Q

a direct blank blocks receptor activity

A

antagonist

40
Q

direct agonists and antagonists bind blank to the receptor

A

directly

41
Q

in signal pathways, there are these two things because receptors can bind to multiple ligands

A

specificity/competition

42
Q

alpha adrenergic receptors cause blank

A

vasoconstriction

43
Q

beta adrenergic receptors cause blank

A

vasodilation

44
Q

both types of adrenergic receptors only bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

specificity

45
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine compete for same active site

A

competition

46
Q

alpha receptors have a higher affinity for blank

A

norepinephrine

47
Q

beta receptors have a higher affinity for blank

A

epinephrine

48
Q

blank is a more potent vasoconstriction

A

norepinephrine

49
Q

protein activity at maximum rate and is true for enzymes and receptors

A

saturation

50
Q

increase in number of receptors

A

up-regulation

51
Q

up regulation using isoforms can change blank but binding will still be more than normal

A

speed

52
Q

decrease in number of receptors and decrease in binding affinity

A

down regulation

53
Q

regulated variable = blank

A

parameter

54
Q

what detects temp in our bodies

A

hypothalamus

55
Q

this is always on but like a dimmer switch

A

tonic control

56
Q

paracrine and autocrine signals are blank control pathway

A

local

57
Q

synaptic, endocrine, and neuroendocrine control pathway

A

reflex

58
Q

why is it good to have complex control pathways?

A

more steps are like more shock absorbers so the hormone at the end will not vary too much

59
Q

The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers

A

gene transcription

60
Q

forcing an animal to adapt to a certain change in their environment

A

acclimation

61
Q

two hormones controlling circadian rhythms

A

melatonin, cortisol

62
Q

slows down metabolic rate

A

melatonin

63
Q

hormone that prepares body for the day

A

cortisol

64
Q

anticipatory response is called

A

feedforward

Physiology (11 decks)

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