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Physiology > Chapter 8 - Neurons > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Neurons Flashcards

0
Q

in nerve cell trigger zone is blank

A

the integrator

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1
Q

in nerve cell dendrite = blank

A

sensor

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2
Q

in nerve cell the axon and synaptic terminal are blank

A

effector

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3
Q

resting membrane potential is determined by these two things

A

K+ concentration gradient, membrane permeability to K+ Na+ and Cl-

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4
Q

channel types vary in these two things

A

threshold (minimum stimulus required to open), speed of opening/closing

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5
Q

differences between action potentials and graded potentials

A

graded potentials have variable strength, short distances because use diffusion
whereas action potentials are all or none events, and travel long distances

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6
Q

graded potentials occur in blank and blank

A

dendrites, soma

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7
Q

in graded potentials, signal strength is proportional to blank

A

stimulus strength

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8
Q

graded potentials move by blank

A

diffusion

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9
Q

graded potentials decrease in blank as they blank from origin

A

strength, spread

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10
Q

trigger zone is the blank

A

high concentration of voltage gated ion channels

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11
Q

sodium and potassium channels have the same blank but differ in their blank

A

threshold, speed of opening/closing

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12
Q

axon hillock is where

A

soma meets axon

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13
Q

two gates of voltage gated ion channels

A

activatino, inactivation

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14
Q

activation gate is blank at rest whereas inactivation gate is blank at rest

A

closed, open

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15
Q

if activation gate is opened then a blank occurs

A

action potential

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16
Q

period where there is no way to have another action potential

A

refractory period

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17
Q

refractory period where only the Na+ activation gate is closed

A

absolute

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18
Q

refractory period where both Na+ gates are reset

A

relative

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19
Q

it is possible but difficult to create another action potential during relative refractory period because

A

potassium ions are still moving out so sodium would have to outdo those ions to create a new action potential

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20
Q

two things that affect the speed of action potential in neuron

A

diameter of axon, resistance of membrane

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21
Q

larger axon diameter equals blank diffusion

A

faster

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22
Q

more resistance of leaking of a membrane causes blank diffusion

A

faster

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23
Q

myelin helps with membrane blank

A

resistance

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24
Q

two types of conduction in axons

A

continuous, saltatory

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25
Q

this conduction is when every section of the membrane must be depolarized

A

continuous

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26
Q

only nodes of Ranvier are depolarized and is faster conduction because the signal is insulated

A

saltatory conduction

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27
Q

two types of synapse

A

chemical, electrical

28
Q

chemical synapses flow in blank directions and is blank or blank such as blank

A

one, inhibitory, excitatory, neurotransmitters

29
Q

synapses where electrical signals via gap junctions and there is blank direction flow and the pre and post respond blnak

A

two, the same, electrical synapses

30
Q

ach must bind to a receptor because it is blank

A

lipophobic

31
Q

choline is recycled in a synapse in order to prevent blank

A

running out of neurotransmitter

32
Q

two cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic, muscarinic

33
Q

cholinergic receptor on skeletal muscle, in PNS and CNS

A

nicotinic

34
Q

cholinergic receptor in PNS only

A

muscarinic

35
Q

nicotinic are blank cation channels for these two things

A

monovalent, Na+, K+

36
Q

nicotinic receptors are usually blank because they blank membrane membrane potential

A

excitatory, depolarize

37
Q

nicotine is a powerful blank

A

agonist

38
Q

muscarinic receptor is a blank receptor

A

G protein coupled

39
Q

muscarinic receptor can be blank or blank

A

excitatory (depolarize) or inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

40
Q

muscarine is a powerful blank toxin and blank

A

fungal, agonist

41
Q

nicotinic receptor is blank than muscarinic but muscarinic is blank

A

faster, longer lasting

42
Q

nicotinic receptors are in what divisions of ANS

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

43
Q

muscarinic receptors are in what divisions of ANS

A

parasympathetic… smooth muscles

44
Q

two types of adrenergic receptors

A

alphas, betas

45
Q

adrenergic receptor that binds norepinephrine more than epinephrine

A

alphas

46
Q

alphas are blank with blank as the second messenger

A

G protein receptors, IP3

47
Q

alphas generally blank activity and blood flow

A

decrease

48
Q

adrenergic receptor that binds norepinephrine more than epinephrine

A

betas

49
Q

betas are blank receptors with blank as a second messenger

A

G protein, cAMP

50
Q

betas generally blank activity and blood flow

A

increases

51
Q

receptors generate blank potentials

A

graded

52
Q

two types of potentials that receptors produce

A

excitatory graded, inhibitory graded

53
Q

excitatory graded potentials blank membrane potential and blank chance of potential

A

depolarize, increase

54
Q

inhibitory graded potentials blank membrane potential and blank chance of potential

A

hyperpolarize, decrease

55
Q

neural pool that causes amplification and has diverse responses

A

divergence

56
Q

neural pool that exhibits redundancy to duplicate response and integrates inhibitory graded potentials as well as excitatory

A

convergence

57
Q

redundancy is aka

A

spatial redundancy

58
Q

these bind to inhibitory receptors and cause an action potential to not be fired in times of stress

A

endorphins

59
Q

repeated subthreshold excitatory graded potentials from the same presynaptic neurons

A

facilitation

60
Q

results from graded potentials coming from different points in space

A

spatial summation

61
Q

results from graded potentials coming from same point at different times

A

graded potentiasl

62
Q

up regulation of receptors and increased stores and secretion (cytoskeleton) of neurotransmitter

A

potentiation

63
Q

down regulation of receptors and change receptor isoforms

A

depression

64
Q

examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of rough ER. which of the following would be a likely product?

a. digestive enzymes
b. steroid hormones
c. peptide hormones
d. antibodies

A

c. because rough er has ribosomes which create proteins
a. because most enzymes are proteins which are made by rough er ribosomes
d. because antibodies are proteins which are made by rough er ribosomes

65
Q

when administered together , glucagon and cortisol cause greater blood glucose than their individual effects combined, this is an example of:

a. synergism
b. permissiveness
c. antagoniism

A

a. because they are being added together which multiplies their individual effects

66
Q

an isolated cell is unable to manufacture proteins required for the ETC; which is correct:

a. it will function normally
b. it will function for a short time and then die
c. it will always have reduced function
d. the cell will die immediately

A

b. because it will just make a lot less ATP and eventually will run out of energy

67
Q

ghrh from hypothalamus –> gh from anterior pituitary –> igf from liver; assuming ghrh binds to a G protein coupled receptor, what effect would increase cAMP in anterior pituitary cells have on secretion of all 3 hormones?

A

increase igf, decrease ghrh, increase gh…. draw it… six points

Physiology (11 decks)

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