Chapter 8 - Neurons

Question 0

in nerve cell trigger zone is blank

Answer 0

the integrator

Question 1

in nerve cell dendrite = blank

Answer 1

sensor

Question 2

in nerve cell the axon and synaptic terminal are blank

Answer 2

effector

Question 3

resting membrane potential is determined by these two things

Answer 3

K+ concentration gradient, membrane permeability to K+ Na+ and Cl-

Question 4

channel types vary in these two things

Answer 4

threshold (minimum stimulus required to open), speed of opening/closing

Question 5

differences between action potentials and graded potentials

Answer 5

graded potentials have variable strength, short distances because use diffusion
whereas action potentials are all or none events, and travel long distances

Question 6

graded potentials occur in blank and blank

Answer 6

dendrites, soma

Question 7

in graded potentials, signal strength is proportional to blank

Answer 7

stimulus strength

Question 8

graded potentials move by blank

Answer 8

diffusion

Question 9

graded potentials decrease in blank as they blank from origin

Answer 9

strength, spread

Question 10

trigger zone is the blank

Answer 10

high concentration of voltage gated ion channels

Question 11

sodium and potassium channels have the same blank but differ in their blank

Answer 11

threshold, speed of opening/closing

Question 12

axon hillock is where

Answer 12

soma meets axon

Question 13

two gates of voltage gated ion channels

Answer 13

activatino, inactivation

Question 14

activation gate is blank at rest whereas inactivation gate is blank at rest

Answer 14

closed, open

Question 15

if activation gate is opened then a blank occurs

Answer 15

action potential

Question 16

period where there is no way to have another action potential

Answer 16

refractory period

Question 17

refractory period where only the Na+ activation gate is closed

Answer 17

absolute

Question 18

refractory period where both Na+ gates are reset

Answer 18

relative

Question 19

it is possible but difficult to create another action potential during relative refractory period because

Answer 19

potassium ions are still moving out so sodium would have to outdo those ions to create a new action potential

Question 20

two things that affect the speed of action potential in neuron

Answer 20

diameter of axon, resistance of membrane

Question 21

larger axon diameter equals blank diffusion

Answer 21

faster

Question 22

more resistance of leaking of a membrane causes blank diffusion

Answer 22

faster

Question 23

myelin helps with membrane blank

Answer 23

resistance

Question 24

two types of conduction in axons

Answer 24

continuous, saltatory

Question 25

this conduction is when every section of the membrane must be depolarized

Answer 25

continuous

Question 26

only nodes of Ranvier are depolarized and is faster conduction because the signal is insulated

Answer 26

saltatory conduction

Question 27

two types of synapse

Answer 27

chemical, electrical

Question 28

chemical synapses flow in blank directions and is blank or blank such as blank

Answer 28

one, inhibitory, excitatory, neurotransmitters

Question 29

synapses where electrical signals via gap junctions and there is blank direction flow and the pre and post respond blnak

Answer 29

two, the same, electrical synapses

Question 30

ach must bind to a receptor because it is blank

Answer 30

lipophobic

Question 31

choline is recycled in a synapse in order to prevent blank

Answer 31

running out of neurotransmitter

Question 32

two cholinergic receptors

Answer 32

nicotinic, muscarinic

Question 33

cholinergic receptor on skeletal muscle, in PNS and CNS

Answer 33

nicotinic

Question 34

cholinergic receptor in PNS only

Answer 34

muscarinic

Question 35

nicotinic are blank cation channels for these two things

Answer 35

monovalent, Na+, K+

Question 36

nicotinic receptors are usually blank because they blank membrane membrane potential

Answer 36

excitatory, depolarize

Question 37

nicotine is a powerful blank

Answer 37

agonist

Question 38

muscarinic receptor is a blank receptor

Answer 38

G protein coupled

Question 39

muscarinic receptor can be blank or blank

Answer 39

excitatory (depolarize) or inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

Question 40

muscarine is a powerful blank toxin and blank

Answer 40

fungal, agonist

Question 41

nicotinic receptor is blank than muscarinic but muscarinic is blank

Answer 41

faster, longer lasting

Question 42

nicotinic receptors are in what divisions of ANS

Answer 42

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Question 43

muscarinic receptors are in what divisions of ANS

Answer 43

parasympathetic... smooth muscles

Question 44

two types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 44

alphas, betas

Question 45

adrenergic receptor that binds norepinephrine more than epinephrine

Answer 45

alphas

Question 46

alphas are blank with blank as the second messenger

Answer 46

G protein receptors, IP3

Question 47

alphas generally blank activity and blood flow

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

adrenergic receptor that binds norepinephrine more than epinephrine

Answer 48

betas

Question 49

betas are blank receptors with blank as a second messenger

Answer 49

G protein, cAMP

Question 50

betas generally blank activity and blood flow

Answer 50

increases

Question 51

receptors generate blank potentials

Answer 51

graded

Question 52

two types of potentials that receptors produce

Answer 52

excitatory graded, inhibitory graded

Question 53

excitatory graded potentials blank membrane potential and blank chance of potential

Answer 53

depolarize, increase

Question 54

inhibitory graded potentials blank membrane potential and blank chance of potential

Answer 54

hyperpolarize, decrease

Question 55

neural pool that causes amplification and has diverse responses

Answer 55

divergence

Question 56

neural pool that exhibits redundancy to duplicate response and integrates inhibitory graded potentials as well as excitatory

Answer 56

convergence

Question 57

redundancy is aka

Answer 57

spatial redundancy

Question 58

these bind to inhibitory receptors and cause an action potential to not be fired in times of stress

Answer 58

endorphins

Question 59

repeated subthreshold excitatory graded potentials from the same presynaptic neurons

Answer 59

facilitation

Question 60

results from graded potentials coming from different points in space

Answer 60

spatial summation

Question 61

results from graded potentials coming from same point at different times

Answer 61

graded potentiasl

Question 62

up regulation of receptors and increased stores and secretion (cytoskeleton) of neurotransmitter

Answer 62

potentiation

Question 63

down regulation of receptors and change receptor isoforms

Answer 63

depression

Question 64

examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of rough ER. which of the following would be a likely product? a. digestive enzymes b. steroid hormones c. peptide hormones d. antibodies

Answer 64

c. because rough er has ribosomes which create proteins a. because most enzymes are proteins which are made by rough er ribosomes d. because antibodies are proteins which are made by rough er ribosomes

Question 65

when administered together , glucagon and cortisol cause greater blood glucose than their individual effects combined, this is an example of: a. synergism b. permissiveness c. antagoniism

Answer 65

a. because they are being added together which multiplies their individual effects

Question 66

an isolated cell is unable to manufacture proteins required for the ETC; which is correct: a. it will function normally b. it will function for a short time and then die c. it will always have reduced function d. the cell will die immediately

Answer 66

b. because it will just make a lot less ATP and eventually will run out of energy

Question 67

ghrh from hypothalamus --> gh from anterior pituitary --> igf from liver; assuming ghrh binds to a G protein coupled receptor, what effect would increase cAMP in anterior pituitary cells have on secretion of all 3 hormones?

Answer 67

increase igf, decrease ghrh, increase gh.... draw it... six points