Chapter 17 and 18 - Respiratory System Flashcards
most important factor in diffusion and solubility in respiratory system
concentration gradient
five things determining rate of diffusion
surface area, thickness of membrane, permeability of membrane, concentration gradient (only one not constant in lungs), temperature
three ways we have to condition air
add water vapor, warming air to body temperature, filter out foreign material
alveolar walls have a layer of blank that improves blank
liquid, gas transfer
the water molecules in the alveoli causes the lungs to want to blank
collapse
these produce pulmonary surfactant
type 2 alveolar cells
three things that stop your lungs from collapsing
pulmonary surfactant, alveolar interdependence
this reduces surface tension
pulmonary surfactant
this means that alveoli are mutually attached to adjacent walls
alveolar interdependence
either all alveoli blank, not one can do it on its own
collapse
allows air to flow and equalizes pressure in alveolar interdependence
pores of Khon
two pleural cavities
visceral, parietal
space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
intrapleural space
difference in pressure gradient between the two cavities
transmural pressure gradient
recoil in the lungs creates a blank pressure in the pleural cavity
negative
more recoil = blank pressure
more negative pressure
blank do not actually get pulled by muscles therefore they can be blank
lungs, thinner
breathing in causes the blank pleura to be pulled on which blanks the size of the blank and blank pleura therefore the pressure blanks
parietal, increases, parietal, visceral, decreases
gravity pulls the lung blank so there is blank space at the bottom of the lung than the top so the pressure is blank at the bottom than the top
down, less, greater
when inspiratory muscles contract it blanks thoracic volume which blanks pressure
increases, decreases
when inspiratory muscles relax pressure blanks because volume blanks
increases, decreases
when air flows into pleural cavity
pneumothorax
blank pneumothorax is when a knife stabs through ribs and equalizes pressure inside which collapses lungs
traumatic
pneumothorax where visceral pleura collapses which collapses the lung because air makes it into parietal pleura so elasticity wins
spontaneous
high compliance means the lung stretches blank
easily
low compliance requires blank pleural pressure to breathe
decreased
restrictive lung disease blanks compliance
decreases
during forced expiration, when the expiratory muscles contract, thoracic volume blanks which blanks intrapleural pressure
decreases, increases
during forced expiration, there is more blank in small airways which blanks driving pressure of gas
friction, decreases
with obstructive lung diseases there will be blank resistance which causes a blank loss of pressure
greater, faster
there is more velocity during blank because muscle force works with recoil rather than against it in blank
expiration, inspiration
pulmonary ventilation is like blank
cardiac output
pulmonary ventilation equation
V = respiratory rate x tidal volume
thanks to retaining stale air and having low alveolar volume, it prevents sudden changes in blank or blank in the lungs
PO2, PCO2
increasing alveolar volume is more efficient by
slow, deep breaths because it reduces dead space
bottom of lungs expand more and there is more blood in the bottom because of
gravity
at the top of the lung there is more blank than blank
airflow, bloodflow
the top has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen
lower, higher
the bottom of the lung has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen
higher, lower
two forms of oxygen in the blood
dissolved, bound
oxygen must blank before it can blank to be transported in plasma
dissolve, bind
oxygen must go to blank rather than directly from alveoli to hemoglobin cells
plasma
dissolved oxygen in the blood is blank and the gradient pushes it from the blank to blank
non polar, alveoli, blood
bound oxygen is done by blank which can bind blank oxygen molecules and the gradient is blank
hemoglobin, 4, reversible
if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts left then there is more blank
oxygen loading at lungs
if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts right then there is more blank
oxygen unloading at tissues
if pH decreases then the curve will shift blank
right
if temperature decreases then the curve shifts blank
left
if CO2 decreases then the curve shifts blank
left
three forms of CO2 in blood
dissolved, bound, bicarbonate
rarest form of CO2 that is polar and more soluble than O2
dissolved
second most abundant form of CO2 that is carbaminohemoglobin
bound
most abundant form of carbond dioxide that is formed inside RBC, is carbonic anhydrase, and releases H+ to decrease pH
bicarbonate
there are more consequences for changes in blood blank than blank
carbon dioxide, oxygen
two reflex controls of ventilation
central and peripheral chemoreceptors
central chemoreceptors respond to blank in CSF and is close to blank which causes a blank
CO2, medulla, fast response
peripheral chemoreceptors are in the blank and blank and are sensitive to blank but less sensitive to blank
aorta, carotid, pH, O2
another two peripheral sensory receptors for ventilation
cold water, slapping skin, proprioceptors in muscles/joints
another two respiratory passageway receptors for ventilation
cough/sneezing, bronchodilation/constriction
in the cold room systolic blood pressure should blank and the diastolic should blank
decrease, increase
in the cold room heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank
decrease, decrease
in the hot room diastolic blood pressure should blank and heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank
decrease, increase, increase
