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Physiology > Chapter 17 and 18 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 and 18 - Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

most important factor in diffusion and solubility in respiratory system

A

concentration gradient

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1
Q

five things determining rate of diffusion

A

surface area, thickness of membrane, permeability of membrane, concentration gradient (only one not constant in lungs), temperature

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2
Q

three ways we have to condition air

A

add water vapor, warming air to body temperature, filter out foreign material

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3
Q

alveolar walls have a layer of blank that improves blank

A

liquid, gas transfer

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4
Q

the water molecules in the alveoli causes the lungs to want to blank

A

collapse

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5
Q

these produce pulmonary surfactant

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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6
Q

three things that stop your lungs from collapsing

A

pulmonary surfactant, alveolar interdependence

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7
Q

this reduces surface tension

A

pulmonary surfactant

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8
Q

this means that alveoli are mutually attached to adjacent walls

A

alveolar interdependence

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9
Q

either all alveoli blank, not one can do it on its own

A

collapse

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10
Q

allows air to flow and equalizes pressure in alveolar interdependence

A

pores of Khon

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11
Q

two pleural cavities

A

visceral, parietal

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12
Q

space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

A

intrapleural space

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13
Q

difference in pressure gradient between the two cavities

A

transmural pressure gradient

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14
Q

recoil in the lungs creates a blank pressure in the pleural cavity

A

negative

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15
Q

more recoil = blank pressure

A

more negative pressure

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16
Q

blank do not actually get pulled by muscles therefore they can be blank

A

lungs, thinner

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17
Q

breathing in causes the blank pleura to be pulled on which blanks the size of the blank and blank pleura therefore the pressure blanks

A

parietal, increases, parietal, visceral, decreases

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18
Q

gravity pulls the lung blank so there is blank space at the bottom of the lung than the top so the pressure is blank at the bottom than the top

A

down, less, greater

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19
Q

when inspiratory muscles contract it blanks thoracic volume which blanks pressure

A

increases, decreases

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20
Q

when inspiratory muscles relax pressure blanks because volume blanks

A

increases, decreases

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21
Q

when air flows into pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

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22
Q

blank pneumothorax is when a knife stabs through ribs and equalizes pressure inside which collapses lungs

A

traumatic

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23
Q

pneumothorax where visceral pleura collapses which collapses the lung because air makes it into parietal pleura so elasticity wins

A

spontaneous

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24
Q

high compliance means the lung stretches blank

A

easily

25
Q

low compliance requires blank pleural pressure to breathe

A

decreased

26
Q

restrictive lung disease blanks compliance

A

decreases

27
Q

during forced expiration, when the expiratory muscles contract, thoracic volume blanks which blanks intrapleural pressure

A

decreases, increases

28
Q

during forced expiration, there is more blank in small airways which blanks driving pressure of gas

A

friction, decreases

29
Q

with obstructive lung diseases there will be blank resistance which causes a blank loss of pressure

A

greater, faster

30
Q

there is more velocity during blank because muscle force works with recoil rather than against it in blank

A

expiration, inspiration

31
Q

pulmonary ventilation is like blank

A

cardiac output

32
Q

pulmonary ventilation equation

A

V = respiratory rate x tidal volume

33
Q

thanks to retaining stale air and having low alveolar volume, it prevents sudden changes in blank or blank in the lungs

A

PO2, PCO2

34
Q

increasing alveolar volume is more efficient by

A

slow, deep breaths because it reduces dead space

35
Q

bottom of lungs expand more and there is more blood in the bottom because of

A

gravity

36
Q

at the top of the lung there is more blank than blank

A

airflow, bloodflow

37
Q

the top has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen

A

lower, higher

38
Q

the bottom of the lung has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen

A

higher, lower

39
Q

two forms of oxygen in the blood

A

dissolved, bound

40
Q

oxygen must blank before it can blank to be transported in plasma

A

dissolve, bind

41
Q

oxygen must go to blank rather than directly from alveoli to hemoglobin cells

A

plasma

42
Q

dissolved oxygen in the blood is blank and the gradient pushes it from the blank to blank

A

non polar, alveoli, blood

43
Q

bound oxygen is done by blank which can bind blank oxygen molecules and the gradient is blank

A

hemoglobin, 4, reversible

44
Q

if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts left then there is more blank

A

oxygen loading at lungs

45
Q

if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts right then there is more blank

A

oxygen unloading at tissues

46
Q

if pH decreases then the curve will shift blank

A

right

47
Q

if temperature decreases then the curve shifts blank

A

left

48
Q

if CO2 decreases then the curve shifts blank

A

left

49
Q

three forms of CO2 in blood

A

dissolved, bound, bicarbonate

50
Q

rarest form of CO2 that is polar and more soluble than O2

A

dissolved

51
Q

second most abundant form of CO2 that is carbaminohemoglobin

A

bound

52
Q

most abundant form of carbond dioxide that is formed inside RBC, is carbonic anhydrase, and releases H+ to decrease pH

A

bicarbonate

53
Q

there are more consequences for changes in blood blank than blank

A

carbon dioxide, oxygen

54
Q

two reflex controls of ventilation

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

55
Q

central chemoreceptors respond to blank in CSF and is close to blank which causes a blank

A

CO2, medulla, fast response

56
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are in the blank and blank and are sensitive to blank but less sensitive to blank

A

aorta, carotid, pH, O2

57
Q

another two peripheral sensory receptors for ventilation

A

cold water, slapping skin, proprioceptors in muscles/joints

58
Q

another two respiratory passageway receptors for ventilation

A

cough/sneezing, bronchodilation/constriction

59
Q

in the cold room systolic blood pressure should blank and the diastolic should blank

A

decrease, increase

60
Q

in the cold room heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank

A

decrease, decrease

61
Q

in the hot room diastolic blood pressure should blank and heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank

A

decrease, increase, increase

Physiology (11 decks)

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