Chapter 17 and 18 - Respiratory System

Question 0

most important factor in diffusion and solubility in respiratory system

Answer 0

concentration gradient

Question 1

five things determining rate of diffusion

Answer 1

surface area, thickness of membrane, permeability of membrane, concentration gradient (only one not constant in lungs), temperature

Question 2

three ways we have to condition air

Answer 2

add water vapor, warming air to body temperature, filter out foreign material

Question 3

alveolar walls have a layer of blank that improves blank

Answer 3

liquid, gas transfer

Question 4

the water molecules in the alveoli causes the lungs to want to blank

Answer 4

collapse

Question 5

these produce pulmonary surfactant

Answer 5

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 6

three things that stop your lungs from collapsing

Answer 6

pulmonary surfactant, alveolar interdependence

Question 7

this reduces surface tension

Answer 7

pulmonary surfactant

Question 8

this means that alveoli are mutually attached to adjacent walls

Answer 8

alveolar interdependence

Question 9

either all alveoli blank, not one can do it on its own

Answer 9

collapse

Question 10

allows air to flow and equalizes pressure in alveolar interdependence

Answer 10

pores of Khon

Question 11

two pleural cavities

Answer 11

visceral, parietal

Question 12

space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Answer 12

intrapleural space

Question 13

difference in pressure gradient between the two cavities

Answer 13

transmural pressure gradient

Question 14

recoil in the lungs creates a blank pressure in the pleural cavity

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

more recoil = blank pressure

Answer 15

more negative pressure

Question 16

blank do not actually get pulled by muscles therefore they can be blank

Answer 16

lungs, thinner

Question 17

breathing in causes the blank pleura to be pulled on which blanks the size of the blank and blank pleura therefore the pressure blanks

Answer 17

parietal, increases, parietal, visceral, decreases

Question 18

gravity pulls the lung blank so there is blank space at the bottom of the lung than the top so the pressure is blank at the bottom than the top

Answer 18

down, less, greater

Question 19

when inspiratory muscles contract it blanks thoracic volume which blanks pressure

Answer 19

increases, decreases

Question 20

when inspiratory muscles relax pressure blanks because volume blanks

Answer 20

increases, decreases

Question 21

when air flows into pleural cavity

Answer 21

pneumothorax

Question 22

blank pneumothorax is when a knife stabs through ribs and equalizes pressure inside which collapses lungs

Answer 22

traumatic

Question 23

pneumothorax where visceral pleura collapses which collapses the lung because air makes it into parietal pleura so elasticity wins

Answer 23

spontaneous

Question 24

high compliance means the lung stretches blank

Answer 24

easily

Question 25

low compliance requires blank pleural pressure to breathe

Answer 25

decreased

Question 26

restrictive lung disease blanks compliance

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

during forced expiration, when the expiratory muscles contract, thoracic volume blanks which blanks intrapleural pressure

Answer 27

decreases, increases

Question 28

during forced expiration, there is more blank in small airways which blanks driving pressure of gas

Answer 28

friction, decreases

Question 29

with obstructive lung diseases there will be blank resistance which causes a blank loss of pressure

Answer 29

greater, faster

Question 30

there is more velocity during blank because muscle force works with recoil rather than against it in blank

Answer 30

expiration, inspiration

Question 31

pulmonary ventilation is like blank

Answer 31

cardiac output

Question 32

pulmonary ventilation equation

Answer 32

V = respiratory rate x tidal volume

Question 33

thanks to retaining stale air and having low alveolar volume, it prevents sudden changes in blank or blank in the lungs

Answer 33

PO2, PCO2

Question 34

increasing alveolar volume is more efficient by

Answer 34

slow, deep breaths because it reduces dead space

Question 35

bottom of lungs expand more and there is more blood in the bottom because of

Answer 35

gravity

Question 36

at the top of the lung there is more blank than blank

Answer 36

airflow, bloodflow

Question 37

the top has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen

Answer 37

lower, higher

Question 38

the bottom of the lung has blank blood volume and blank blood oxygen

Answer 38

higher, lower

Question 39

two forms of oxygen in the blood

Answer 39

dissolved, bound

Question 40

oxygen must blank before it can blank to be transported in plasma

Answer 40

dissolve, bind

Question 41

oxygen must go to blank rather than directly from alveoli to hemoglobin cells

Answer 41

plasma

Question 42

dissolved oxygen in the blood is blank and the gradient pushes it from the blank to blank

Answer 42

non polar, alveoli, blood

Question 43

bound oxygen is done by blank which can bind blank oxygen molecules and the gradient is blank

Answer 43

hemoglobin, 4, reversible

Question 44

if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts left then there is more blank

Answer 44

oxygen loading at lungs

Question 45

if the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts right then there is more blank

Answer 45

oxygen unloading at tissues

Question 46

if pH decreases then the curve will shift blank

Answer 46

right

Question 47

if temperature decreases then the curve shifts blank

Answer 47

left

Question 48

if CO2 decreases then the curve shifts blank

Answer 48

left

Question 49

three forms of CO2 in blood

Answer 49

dissolved, bound, bicarbonate

Question 50

rarest form of CO2 that is polar and more soluble than O2

Answer 50

dissolved

Question 51

second most abundant form of CO2 that is carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 51

bound

Question 52

most abundant form of carbond dioxide that is formed inside RBC, is carbonic anhydrase, and releases H+ to decrease pH

Answer 52

bicarbonate

Question 53

there are more consequences for changes in blood blank than blank

Answer 53

carbon dioxide, oxygen

Question 54

two reflex controls of ventilation

Answer 54

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 55

central chemoreceptors respond to blank in CSF and is close to blank which causes a blank

Answer 55

CO2, medulla, fast response

Question 56

peripheral chemoreceptors are in the blank and blank and are sensitive to blank but less sensitive to blank

Answer 56

aorta, carotid, pH, O2

Question 57

another two peripheral sensory receptors for ventilation

Answer 57

cold water, slapping skin, proprioceptors in muscles/joints

Question 58

another two respiratory passageway receptors for ventilation

Answer 58

cough/sneezing, bronchodilation/constriction

Question 59

in the cold room systolic blood pressure should blank and the diastolic should blank

Answer 59

decrease, increase

Question 60

in the cold room heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank

Answer 60

decrease, decrease

Question 61

in the hot room diastolic blood pressure should blank and heart rate should blank and respiration rate should blank

Answer 61

decrease, increase, increase