Chapter16-17 Flashcards
cape of good hope
southern tip of Africa, first circumnavigated in 1488 by the portuguese in search of direct route to India.
christopher columbus
Genoese captain in service of the king and Queen of Castile and Aragon, successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 149, initiating European discoveries in the Americas.
Ferdinand Magellan
Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated the first circumnavigation of the world, dying during the voyage. He allowed Spain to claim the Philipines.
Dutch East India Company
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia, acting as virtually independent government in regions that it claimed.
British East India Company
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India, acting as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
Lepanto
Naval battle between the spanish and the ottoman empire resulting in a spanish victory in 1571.
core nations
nations, usually european, who profited off the world economy and controlled international banking and commercial services like shipping, exporting manufactured goods and importing raw materials.
mercatilism
economic theory that stressed gov. promotion of limitation of imports from other nations in internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th-18th century in Europe.
Vasco de Balboa
First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509, this initial settlement eventually led to the conquest of the incas and aztecs by other captains.
Francisco Pizarro
Led conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535-1540
New France
French colonies in North America, extended from St. Lawrence along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.
Seven Years War
Fought both in continental Europe and overseas in colonies between 1756-1763, resulting in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, England seizures of colonies in India and North America.
Treaty of Paris
Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War granting New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar islands in the Caribbean.
Cape Colony
Dutch colony est. at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire. By 1770 the settlement had expanded enough to come into conflict with the Bantus.
Boers
Dutch settlers in Cape Colony in southern africa.
Calcutta
Headquarters of the British East India Company in Bengal, India, located on the Ganges. Captured in 1756 during early part of 7 years War, later becoming the admin. center for all of Bengal.
Renaissance
A largely artistic movement in the 14th-15th centuries starting in Italy. It challenged Medieval intellectual values and styles, a period of great cultural productivity, prefacing the European movement away from the simple times. There was a shift from gothic to classical styles, as an example.
Johannes Gutenberg
Introduced printing with the movable type, a modified version of the original Chinese invention, which largely increased the availability of printed books and pamphlets.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Responsible for early Portuguese exploration and maritime trade through the systematic exploration of West Africa.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Author of “The Prince”, which emphasized realistic discussion on how to seize and keep power, an influential author of the italian renaissance.
Jean Calvin
French theologian that founded Calvanism , baed in Geneva, which promoted the idea of predestination in which God had already chosen who will be saved. Promoted education so more people could read the bible and have a wider access to government.
European-style family
Goal was to limit birth rates, originating in the 15th century with the peasants and the artisans, emphasizing individual land ownership, late marriage, and the nuclear family unit of parents + children. Put more emphasis on husband-wife relationships and contrasted with agricultural societies.
Anglican Church
the Church of England set up by King Henry VIII, initially used to challenge papal authority which had opposed his first divorce. He and his daughter Queen Elizabeth were also interested in Protestant doctrines as well.
Catholic Reformation
Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation in which a council revived catholic doctrine and refuted protestant claims such as priest marriage and power. A new religious order of Jesuits became politically and educationally active, doing missionary work with a fervor.
Thirty Years’ War
A war begining in 1618 that saw German Protestants and allies like Lutheran Swedan vs. the Holy Roman Emperor, who was backed by Spain. Devastated Germany (took 100 years to recover) and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.
Treaty of Westphalia
ended the Thirty Years’ War, granting rulers/states within the holy roman empire to choose their own religion (either catholicism or protestantism)
Northern Renaissance
cultural and intellectual movement o fNorthern Europe beginning later than the Italian Reniassance c. 1450 and featured a greater emphasis on religion. Centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany.
Francis I
King of France in the 16th century, regarded as a reniassance monarch, a patron of the arts, imposed new controls on the Catholic Church and was an ally of the Ottoman sultan against the holy roman emperor.
Martin Luther
German monks initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing the 95 theses to door of the Wittenberg church, emphasizing primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church, accepted state control of church.
Protestatism
general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic Church generally held to have begin with Martin Luther, including a variety of new faiths.
Jesuits
a new religious order founded during catholic ref that was active in politics, education and missionary works, sponsored missions to south america, north america and Asia.
edict of Nantes
grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598, after a lengthy civil war between catholic and protestant factions
English Civil War
conflict from 1640-60 featuring religious dispute mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarch, ending with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the execution of the previous king.
Scientific Revolution
Taking place in the 17th century, it was a period of empirical advances relating to developments of theoretical generalizations in science that would change some traditional beliefs of the middle ages.
Isaac Newton
English scientist + author of “Principle Mathematica”, establishing the field of physics and natural laws, outlining principles of motion and defining forces of gravity.
proletariat
people without access to wealth producing property, usually manufacturing workers and paid laborers or the urban poor. Arose in the 16th and 17th century due to economic changes.
johannes kepler
astronomer and mathematician whose studies resolved basic issues of planetary motion, working off of his own observations and the work of copernicus. also did horoscopes for rich people.
rene descartes
established importance of skeptical review of all given knowledge and argued that human reason could explain all fundamental parts of nature.
john locke
english philosopher who argued that using sense and reason, people could learn everything, and that the power of the government lay with the people rather than divine right. This logic made faith irrelevant.
absolute monarchy
a concept of government in nation states that featured monarch who did not need parliament to pass laws, appoint professional armies and bureaucrats, establish state churches and economic policies
Louis XIV
a French monarch who was a prime example of an absolute monarch, famously saying “I am the state.” He patronized the arts and created academies that standardized the French language and gave gov. a cultural role. He also sidetracked the nobles with social functions.
glorious revolution
the overthrowing of James II (1688) in England that affirmed the basic sovereignty of parliament over the King.
parliamentary monarchy
a monarchy in which kings had their powers checked by legislative powers in parliament, origination in England and the Netherlands.
Enlightenment
intellectual movement centered around France in 18th century that had scientific advanced, study of human society, application of the scientific method, and a belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.
Adam Smith
argued that gov. should avoid regulation of economy in favor of competition in the market, establishing liberal economies in the book “Wealth of Nations”
Denis Diderot
A french enlightenment figure most well known for his work on the first encyclopedia, which compiled scientific/social knowledge.
Mary Wollstonecraft
enlightened feminist thinker in England, arguing that new political rights should extend to women.
mass consumerism
spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services along with the monetary ability to do so in classes below the elite. Developed from the 18th century onward in Western Europe.
proto-globalization
period between 1600-1800 describing an era of increased cultural exchange and trade links, where Western Europe was highly active.
date of the first european printing press
1455
independence of netherland
1609
luther’s 95 theses
1517
name in order: northern reniassance, scientific revolution, commercial revolution
n. renaissance, commerical rev (during end period of north ren.) scientific rev.
