Chapter16-17

Question 1

cape of good hope

Answer 1

southern tip of Africa, first circumnavigated in 1488 by the portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Question 2

christopher columbus

Answer 2

Genoese captain in service of the king and Queen of Castile and Aragon, successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 149, initiating European discoveries in the Americas.

Question 3

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 3

Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated the first circumnavigation of the world, dying during the voyage. He allowed Spain to claim the Philipines.

Question 4

Dutch East India Company

Answer 4

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia, acting as virtually independent government in regions that it claimed.

Question 5

British East India Company

Answer 5

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India, acting as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

Question 6

Lepanto

Answer 6

Naval battle between the spanish and the ottoman empire resulting in a spanish victory in 1571.

Question 7

core nations

Answer 7

nations, usually european, who profited off the world economy and controlled international banking and commercial services like shipping, exporting manufactured goods and importing raw materials.

Question 8

mercatilism

Answer 8

economic theory that stressed gov. promotion of limitation of imports from other nations in internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th-18th century in Europe.

Question 9

Vasco de Balboa

Answer 9

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509, this initial settlement eventually led to the conquest of the incas and aztecs by other captains.

Question 10

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 10

Led conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535-1540

Question 11

New France

Answer 11

French colonies in North America, extended from St. Lawrence along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.

Question 12

Seven Years War

Answer 12

Fought both in continental Europe and overseas in colonies between 1756-1763, resulting in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, England seizures of colonies in India and North America.

Question 13

Treaty of Paris

Answer 13

Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War granting New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar islands in the Caribbean.

Question 14

Cape Colony

Answer 14

Dutch colony est. at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire. By 1770 the settlement had expanded enough to come into conflict with the Bantus.

Question 15

Boers

Answer 15

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony in southern africa.

Question 16

Calcutta

Answer 16

Headquarters of the British East India Company in Bengal, India, located on the Ganges. Captured in 1756 during early part of 7 years War, later becoming the admin. center for all of Bengal.

Question 17

Renaissance

Answer 17

A largely artistic movement in the 14th-15th centuries starting in Italy. It challenged Medieval intellectual values and styles, a period of great cultural productivity, prefacing the European movement away from the simple times. There was a shift from gothic to classical styles, as an example.

Question 18

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 18

Introduced printing with the movable type, a modified version of the original Chinese invention, which largely increased the availability of printed books and pamphlets.

Question 19

Prince Henry the Navigator

Answer 19

Responsible for early Portuguese exploration and maritime trade through the systematic exploration of West Africa.

Question 20

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 20

Author of “The Prince”, which emphasized realistic discussion on how to seize and keep power, an influential author of the italian renaissance.

Question 21

Jean Calvin

Answer 21

French theologian that founded Calvanism , baed in Geneva, which promoted the idea of predestination in which God had already chosen who will be saved. Promoted education so more people could read the bible and have a wider access to government.

Question 22

European-style family

Answer 22

Goal was to limit birth rates, originating in the 15th century with the peasants and the artisans, emphasizing individual land ownership, late marriage, and the nuclear family unit of parents + children. Put more emphasis on husband-wife relationships and contrasted with agricultural societies.

Question 23

Anglican Church

Answer 23

the Church of England set up by King Henry VIII, initially used to challenge papal authority which had opposed his first divorce. He and his daughter Queen Elizabeth were also interested in Protestant doctrines as well.

Question 24

Catholic Reformation

Answer 24

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation in which a council revived catholic doctrine and refuted protestant claims such as priest marriage and power. A new religious order of Jesuits became politically and educationally active, doing missionary work with a fervor.

Question 25

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 25

A war begining in 1618 that saw German Protestants and allies like Lutheran Swedan vs. the Holy Roman Emperor, who was backed by Spain. Devastated Germany (took 100 years to recover) and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.

Question 26

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 26

ended the Thirty Years’ War, granting rulers/states within the holy roman empire to choose their own religion (either catholicism or protestantism)

Question 27

Northern Renaissance

Answer 27

cultural and intellectual movement o fNorthern Europe beginning later than the Italian Reniassance c. 1450 and featured a greater emphasis on religion. Centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany.

Question 28

Francis I

Answer 28

King of France in the 16th century, regarded as a reniassance monarch, a patron of the arts, imposed new controls on the Catholic Church and was an ally of the Ottoman sultan against the holy roman emperor.

Question 29

Martin Luther

Answer 29

German monks initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing the 95 theses to door of the Wittenberg church, emphasizing primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church, accepted state control of church.

Question 30

Protestatism

Answer 30

general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic Church generally held to have begin with Martin Luther, including a variety of new faiths.

Question 31

Jesuits

Answer 31

a new religious order founded during catholic ref that was active in politics, education and missionary works, sponsored missions to south america, north america and Asia.

Question 32

edict of Nantes

Answer 32

grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598, after a lengthy civil war between catholic and protestant factions

Question 33

English Civil War

Answer 33

conflict from 1640-60 featuring religious dispute mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarch, ending with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the execution of the previous king.

Question 34

Scientific Revolution

Answer 34

Taking place in the 17th century, it was a period of empirical advances relating to developments of theoretical generalizations in science that would change some traditional beliefs of the middle ages.

Question 35

Isaac Newton

Answer 35

English scientist + author of “Principle Mathematica”, establishing the field of physics and natural laws, outlining principles of motion and defining forces of gravity.

Question 36

proletariat

Answer 36

people without access to wealth producing property, usually manufacturing workers and paid laborers or the urban poor. Arose in the 16th and 17th century due to economic changes.

Question 37

johannes kepler

Answer 37

astronomer and mathematician whose studies resolved basic issues of planetary motion, working off of his own observations and the work of copernicus. also did horoscopes for rich people.

Question 38

rene descartes

Answer 38

established importance of skeptical review of all given knowledge and argued that human reason could explain all fundamental parts of nature.

Question 39

john locke

Answer 39

english philosopher who argued that using sense and reason, people could learn everything, and that the power of the government lay with the people rather than divine right. This logic made faith irrelevant.

Question 40

absolute monarchy

Answer 40

a concept of government in nation states that featured monarch who did not need parliament to pass laws, appoint professional armies and bureaucrats, establish state churches and economic policies

Question 41

Louis XIV

Answer 41

a French monarch who was a prime example of an absolute monarch, famously saying “I am the state.” He patronized the arts and created academies that standardized the French language and gave gov. a cultural role. He also sidetracked the nobles with social functions.

Question 42

glorious revolution

Answer 42

the overthrowing of James II (1688) in England that affirmed the basic sovereignty of parliament over the King.

Question 43

parliamentary monarchy

Answer 43

a monarchy in which kings had their powers checked by legislative powers in parliament, origination in England and the Netherlands.

Question 44

Enlightenment

Answer 44

intellectual movement centered around France in 18th century that had scientific advanced, study of human society, application of the scientific method, and a belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.

Question 45

Adam Smith

Answer 45

argued that gov. should avoid regulation of economy in favor of competition in the market, establishing liberal economies in the book “Wealth of Nations”

Question 46

Denis Diderot

Answer 46

A french enlightenment figure most well known for his work on the first encyclopedia, which compiled scientific/social knowledge.

Question 47

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 47

enlightened feminist thinker in England, arguing that new political rights should extend to women.

Question 48

mass consumerism

Answer 48

spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services along with the monetary ability to do so in classes below the elite. Developed from the 18th century onward in Western Europe.

Question 49

proto-globalization

Answer 49

period between 1600-1800 describing an era of increased cultural exchange and trade links, where Western Europe was highly active.

Question 50

date of the first european printing press

Answer 50

1455

Question 51

independence of netherland

Answer 51

1609

Question 52

luther’s 95 theses

Answer 52

1517

Question 53

name in order: northern reniassance, scientific revolution, commercial revolution

Answer 53

n. renaissance, commerical rev (during end period of north ren.) scientific rev.