Ch.18-19-20 Flashcards
pugachev rebellion
a rebellion during the 1770s that was lead by Emilian Pugachev, eventually crushed and used as an example by Catherine as an excuse to extend state power into the regional area.
partition of poland
division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795
what did the act of 1649 do to heredity for peasants?
it made it so that you could not escape peasantry, you were born to it.
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Married to one another to form the largest Christian territory in Iberia—Spain. Responsible for the reconquest of Granada from Muslim rulers and funded C. Columbus’s journey.
Caribbean
First area of Spanish Exploration and settlement, serving as an experimental region for the nature of Spanish colonization. This is where the encomienda system of colonial management started here.
Hispaniola
first island in Caribbean settled by the Spaniards, founded by Columbus on second voyage to the New World. Became the spanish base of operations for further colonization/exploration.
encomienda
grants for native labor to conquerors and settlers in mesoamerica and south america, an early form of coerced labor in the spanish colonies.
encomendero
the holder of a grant of natives who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. the encomendero was responsible for the natives’ conversion to christianity.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Natives pop. the Spanish colonies, opposed forced labor and advocated for Native rights.
Hernan Cortes
Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1529, responsible for the defeat of the Aztec Empire, capturing Tenochtitlan.
Moctezuma II
Last independent emperor of Aztec, captured and killed by Hernan Cortes during conquest of Tenochtitlan
haciendas
Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the new world, producing agricultural products for American consumers, basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy.
Consulado
merchant guild of Seville that enjoyed a monopoly right over goods shipped TO the Americas and handled much of the silver received in return.
galleons
large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain, basis for the convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal, clarifying spheres of influence and rights in the New World, gave all lands west of Brazil to Spain and all lands to be discovered east of Brazil to Portugal
letrados
university trained lawyers from Spain in the New World that served as the judicial core of the colonial bureaucracy, exercising both a legislative and administrative function.
Recopilacion
basis of laws in the indies, a Spanish body of laws made in 1681 for Spanish colonies in the New World.
Council of the Indies
Body within the Castilian gov. that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. The king ruled through this council.
viceroyalties
direct representatives of the king splitting Spanish colonies with one based in Lima and one based in Mexico city.
viceroys
High ranking government officials that were usually prominent nobles and direct representatives of the King. They ruled over Spanish America. The Portuguese also used Viceroys in Goa and later Brazil.
audencia
royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New world, there were 10 in each Viceroyalty and part of the colonial admin. system. They were staffed by professional magistrates.
Sor Juana
A nun, author, poet, and musician of New Spain.
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India that was blown off close in 1500 and landed in Brazil.
captaincies
strips of land along the Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles, created limited success in developing a colony.
Mexico City
capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan;
New Spain
spanish colonial possession in mesoamerica, included most of central mexico based on imperial system of aztecs
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
leader of spanish expeditions entering what is now the US up until Kansas searching for a mythical city of gold.
Pedro de Valdivia
conquered the Araucanian Natives of Chile and est. Santiago in 1541
mita
labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and religion, all regions were expected to contribute. Essential aspect of inca imperial control
potosi
mine located in upper peru the largest of new world silver mines, producing 80% of peruvian silver.
huancavelica
a mountain holding the largest mercury deposit in south america, linked to potosi
Paulistas
backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in brazil, who penetrated the interior of brazil in search of precious metals during the 17th century.
Minas Gerais
region of brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695, becoming the location for a gold rush.
Rio de Janiero
Brazilian port close to the mines of Minas Gerais, growing with importance due to this and eventually becoming the colonial capital in 1763.
sociedad de castas
American social system based on racial origins. Castas were people of mixed race, thought these categories were not strictly based on biology.
peninsulares
people living in the new world spanish colonies but born in spain
creoles
whites born in the Americas, dominated latin american economies and were second in status only to the peninsulares.
amigos del pais
clubs/associations dedicated to improvement and reform within the spanish colonies during the 18th century, calling for material not political reforms.
War of Spanish Succession
Resulted from Bourbon family’s succession to the spanish throne in 1701, ending with the Treaty of Urecht which resulted in the loss of some land, the acceptance of Bourbons, and grants of commercial rights to the English and French
Charles III
spanish enlightened monarch who instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in spain and its empire.
Jose de Galvez
moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies and created intendants for local government
Marquis of Pombal
Prime minister of Portugal who acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil, expelling the jesuits, enacting fiscal reforms and creating monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.
Comunero Revolt and Tupac Amaru
- popular revolt against the spanish rule in new Granada in 1781, repressed as a result of divisions within the population
- tupac amaru led another revolt in Peru that was supported by many ppl in the lower class and failed bc of Creole fears of real social revolution.
factories
European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants, utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure safe landing and commerce.
El Mina
Most important of the early Portuguese trading factories est. in forest zone of Africa.
Luanda
Factory est. in 1520s in the south of Kongo, becoming basis for the colony of Angola
Royal African Company
used to est. a monopoly for British merchants in the slave trade to the colonies in barbados, jamaica, and virginia
indies piece
term used by the spanish to refer to the value of an adult male slave.
Asante Empire
est. in Gold Coast, dominated by the Oyoko clan
Osei Tutu
Responsible for creating the unified Asante Empire, he utilized western firearms
Asantehene
title taken by ruler of Asante Empire as the supreme religious and civil ruler.
Dahomey
Kingdom developed 70 miles from the coast, taking in western firearms and goods in return for slaves.
Luo
Nilotic peoples that est. a dynasty amongst the Bantu pop. in the lake region of central eastern Africa
Fulani
pastorial peoples of western Sudan, adopted Sufi variant of Islam and launched a revolt against the Hausa Kingdoms.
Great Trek
Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of Southern Africa to escape the influence of the British colonial government.
mfecane
war of 19th century in southern Africa caused by Zulu expansion, revolutionizing the political organization.
Swazi
new african state that survived the mfecane and modeled after Zulu chiefdom
Lesotho
survived the mfecane with less emphasis on military organization and less authoritarian gov. style.
middle passage
slave voyage from africa to the americas and very traumatic experience
creole slaves
american born descendants of saltwater slaves, process of miscenegation
obeah and candomble and vodun
african religious ideas and practices in the caribbean islands, religious ideals of the yoruba, of the salves in haiti
palmares
kingdom of runaway slaves located in Brazil
suriname
location of runaway slave plantation, used to be a dutch plantation colony
William Wilberforce
Leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the end of English slave trade in 1807.
