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AP World History > Chapter 12 and 14 (Tang/Song + Mongols) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 14 (Tang/Song + Mongols) Flashcards

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1
Q

Tang/Song dynasty duration

A

early 7th - late 13th CE

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2
Q

Hangzhou

A

prosperous city located in the Yangzi delta, described as the best city in the world by Marco Polo

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3
Q

Yang Jian

A

first emperor of the Sui dynasty, securing support from nomadic military leaders and not supporting confucianism, conquering Zhou and south Chen kingdom to reunite the core regions of China.

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4
Q

Yangdi

A

Second and last emperor of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to get throne.

  • restored bureaucracy entrance examinations
  • built the Chinese canal system
  • assassinated in 618
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5
Q

what social groups were negatively effected by the revival of the scholar-gentry class?

A

the aristocrats and militaristic nomads

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6
Q

what area did Yangdi fail to recapture between 611-614?

A

Korea

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7
Q

Li Yuan

A

“the Duke of Tang” or Gaozu, he was the first Tang dynasty emperor who saved imperial order after death of Yangdi. He had originally been a minister for Yangdi.

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8
Q

Tang Taizong

A

son of Li Yuan

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9
Q

what department ran the to day to day in China?

A

Executive departments, comprised of six ministries.

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10
Q

Bureau of Censors

A

Kept track of officials and reported their misdeeds/shortcomings.

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11
Q

Chang’an

A

the Capital of the Tang Dynasty, with the largest population in the world of 2 million people

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12
Q

Ministry of Rites

A

Administered exams to students of government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars.

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13
Q

Jinshi

A

title given to those who passed the hardest of the exams, on Chinese literature, becoming automatic dignitaries and promised prominent government positions.

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14
Q

pure land Buddhism

A

Emphasized salvationist aspects of chinese buddhism. becoming popular among the masses of chinese society because it provided a certain refuge from the wars and turmoil.

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15
Q

Chan/Zen buddhism

A

More popular among the elite/educated classes, this buddhism stressed meditation and appreciation of natural beauty.

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16
Q

in what ways did early Tang dynasty rulers patronize buddhist monasteries?

A

endowing monasteries, sending emissaries to India

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17
Q

Empress Wu

A

supported buddhist establishments and tried to make Buddhism the state religion, building multistory statues of the buddha and large pagodas.

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18
Q

how did daoists oppose buddhism’s spread?

A

daoists monks began to stress their own magical and predictive capibilities

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19
Q

what did confucian scholars do to counteract buddhism’s spread?

A

Confucian scholars and administrators started to convince Tang rulers that buddhist monastic establishments posed a threat to the economy, since their land resources could not be taxed.

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20
Q

Emperor Wuzong

A

openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in the 840s, lessening Buddhist influence in favor of confucian idealogies.

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21
Q

Xuanzong

A

Leading chinese emperor of the Tang Dynasty, though he encouraged over expansion (r. 713-755)

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22
Q

Yang Guifei

A

Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into the royal administration led to a failed but costly revolt for new dynasty, which resulted in her execution.

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23
Q

when did the last emperor of tang resign?

A

907 CE

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24
Q

Zhao Kuangyin

A

Founder of Song Dynasty, originally a general, took the title of Taizu. He failed to overcome the northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. A scholar as well as a warrior

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25
Q

Liao Dynasty

A

Founded in 907 by Khitan peoples from Manchuria, maintained independence from Song China.

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26
Q

Khitans

A

Nomadic peoples from Manchuria that were militarily superior to the Song Dynasty but influenced by Chinese culture. Forced humiliating treaties on Song in 11th century.

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27
Q

sinified

A

to be influenced by Chinese culture, as the Liao dynasty was, seeing Song china as culturally but not militarily superior

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28
Q

when and how did the Song Dynasty end?

A

in the 13th century, by defeat from the Mongols

29
Q

compare the Song Dynasty to Tang in terms of strengths.

A

Weak, both militarily, territorially, and politically. Their administration was very focused on warding off the things that had led to the downfall of the Tang dynasty

30
Q

Zhu-Xi

A

most prominent neo-confucian scholar, stressed importance of applying confucian principles to everyday life and action

31
Q

neo-confucians

A

scholars that emphasized ancient confucian practices, greatly influencing later dynasties and making Chinese rulers less receptive to outside thoughts/influences by stressing tradition and indigenous thought.
greater emphasis on a patriarchy began

32
Q

what did neo-confucians believe was the best guide to the future?

A

historical experience

33
Q

Tangut

A

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China, a regional kingdom during Song china that was eventually conquered by the Mongols in 1226.

34
Q

Xi Xia

A

Kingdom of Tangut peoples north of Southern Song dynasty that collecting tributes, draining Song resources and burdening the peasant class.

35
Q

why did the Song dynasty pay tribute to the Xi Xia kingdom?

A

for protection of their northern borders.

36
Q

Wang Anshi

A

Confucian scholar and Chief Minister of Song emperor in 1070s who introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists and advocated for greater state intervention in society, revamping the lax military and stressing analytical thought rather than the memorization of confucian classics.

37
Q

Jurchens

A

Founders of the Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao dynasty in northern China, annexing most of the yellow river valley and forcing the Song dynasty to flee to the south.

38
Q

Jin

A

Kingdom north of the Song Empire, established by the Jurchens in 1115.

39
Q

Southern Song

A

Rump state of Song dynasty that was carved out of domains once ruled by the Tang dynasty and Northern Song, culturally one of the most glorious periods in Chinese history.

40
Q

Grand Canal

A

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi, nearly 1200 miles long, designed to link north China plain with Yangtze River basin

41
Q

Kuriltai

A

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected.

42
Q

Khagan

A

Supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes, elected to be Chinggis Khan

43
Q

Tumens

A

Basic fighting unit of Mongolian army: consisted of 10000 Calvary men, divided further by ten into smaller units.

44
Q

Khwarazm

A

Islamic empire ruled by Muhammad Shah, taken violently by Mongols after insolence of Shah.

45
Q

What two kingdoms were in northern china at the time of southern song?

A

Xi Xia(the tangut) and Jin

46
Q

Karakorum

A

Capital of Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan from 1162 to 1227

47
Q

Batu

A

Ruler of Golden Horde, one of Chinggis Khan’s grandsons, responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236

48
Q

Ogedai

A

Third son of Chinggis Khan, succeeding him as Khagan of the Mongols following his father’s death

49
Q

Golden Horde

A

One of four subdivisions of the Mongol empire after death of Chinggis; originally ruled by Batu, making up much of modern south central Russia.

50
Q

Khanates

A

Four regional Mongol kingdoms following the death of Chinggis Khan: Golden Horde Empire, Ilkan Empire, Chaghatai Empire, Empire of Kubilai Khan

51
Q

Battle of Kulikova

A

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde, helping to break Mongol hold over Russia

52
Q

Prester John

A

A mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom had supposedly been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests. Chinggis Khan had originally been believed to be this ruler.

53
Q

Who ruled the Ilkan Empire? Where was it located?

A

Hulegu, a grandson of C. Khan. Ilkan Empire was located below the Caspian Sea, east of Arabian peninsula and west of India

54
Q

Baibars

A

Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut, eventually defeated Mongol forces through Christian territory. The mamluks were originally sold in slavery in Egypt where they rose to power and established a dynasty.

55
Q

Berke

A

A Ruler of the Golden Horde, converted to Islam. His threat to Hulegu combined with Mamluk strength in Egypt caused the stalling of further Mongol conquests in the Middle East

56
Q

Kubilai Khan

A

Grandson of Chinggis Khan. Commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China, becoming Khagan in 1260, establishing sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271

57
Q

Dadu

A

Presently called Beijing, it was the capital of Kubilai’s Yuan china.

58
Q

Chabi

A

Influential wife of Kubilai Khan, promoting the interests of Buddhism in China, indicates the refusal of Mongol women to adopt the restrictive role of Chinese women.

59
Q

Where did Marco Polo visit?

A

The Yuan dynasty under Kubilai Khan in China.

60
Q

What two classes in China did the Mongols promote, further alienating the Confucian scholar gentry class?

A

Artisans and Merchants

61
Q

Why did merchants prosper in Yuan China?

A

Mongols promoted the improvement of transportation and the expansions of the supply of paper money.

62
Q

What form of popular entertainment flourished in Yuan china? How did this effect Actors and Actresses?

A

Musical dramas, ex: the romance of the west chamber. Actors and actresses were raised from the status of “Mean People” to fame and fortune.

63
Q

Romance of the West Chamber

A

A chinese novel written during Yuan period. Indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule.

64
Q

How did Kubilai treat the peasantry?

A

Treated them well, forbidding Calvary men from converting farming lands into pastureland, and restoring the granary system for times of famine. He also lowered tax and the burden of forced labor, and planned to enact a rudimentary educational system for the peasant class.

65
Q

White Lotus Society

A

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrowing Yuan Dynasty in China, typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

66
Q

Yuanzhang Zhu

A

The given name of the Hongwu emperor, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.

67
Q

Ming dynasty

A

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368: lasted until 1644: initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated effort on internal development within China.

68
Q

Timur-i Lang

A

Also known as Tamerlane, leader of the Turkic nomads, beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand. launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia. Empire disintegrated after his death in 1405

69
Q

Samarkand

A

City in Kwarazm Empire that eventually formed the base for Tamerlane’s expansion in the 1360s

AP World History (22 decks)

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