Chapter 26

Question 1

ayan

Answer 1

local land owners

Question 2

Selim III

Answer 2

reform efforts angered powerful bureaucratic factions. he wanted to improve admin. efficiency and build a new army + navy. Sultan form 1789-1807, toppled by Janissaries in 1807, who saw his revolts as a direct threat.

Question 3

Mahmud II

Answer 3

• more successful than poor Selim III
• built a private professional army with the help of European advisors
• incited Janissary rebellion then slaughtered them with said army.
• Reformed ottoman empire on western precedents, cowing the ayan to formally submit to the throne and established diplomatic corps with West, exchanging diplomats and reforming the whole military.

Question 4

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 4

• 1839-1876
• Western style University education reorganized
• 1830s: state run postal and telegraph system introduced
• 1860s: railways built
• towns establish newspapers
• 1876: very European constitution is promulgated
• reforms aided minority religions, whose economic role grew
• 1838 removal or import taxes on the British hurt the artisans
• nothing really happened for women, only debates after 1860s

Question 5

ulama

Answer 5

muslim scholars with special knowledge on sacred law and theology

Question 6

Abdul Hamid

Answer 6

• restricted freedom of the press
• 1878-1908
• responded to the threat of Westernized officials by trying to return to “despotic absolutism”, nullifying the constitution and restricting civil liberties.
• He was deposed in a coup in 1908.

Question 7

image of the sultans after westernization

Answer 7

sultans became a barrier for westernized officials against even more radical reforms.

Question 8

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Answer 8

• called Young Turks
• wanted reinstitution of the 1876 constitution
• executed successful 1908 coup, retaining the sultan as a political figurehead

Question 9

when did Napoleon invade Egypt?

Answer 9

1798

Question 10

Murad

Answer 10

head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, suffered devastating defeat against Napoleon.

Question 11

Muhammad Ali

Answer 11

• won power struggle in Egypt after the Mamluk defeat
• established mastery over all of Egypt by 1811
• introduced effective army based on Western tactics, navy threatening Istanbul/Ottomans on multiple occasions

Question 12

Khedives

Answer 12

Descendants of Muhammad Ali after 1867

• formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention
• overthrown by military coup in 1952, bringing Gamel Abdul Nasser to power.

Question 13

Suez Canal

Answer 13

connected med. see with the red sea in 1869
financed by europeans with increasingly indebted Khedives
turned egypt into a strategic place

Question 14

Egyptian religious revivalists

Answer 14

believed that the Qur’an was the source of all truth, interpreted literally.

Question 15

Secular Reformers

Answer 15

stressed for borrowed learning and tech from the West and rational inquiry in Islamic history

Question 16

which event spurned decades of British dominance in Egypt?

Answer 16

1882 revolt by Ahmad Arabi against the Khedives, who ran to the British for help.

Question 17

Muhammad Ahmed

Answer 17

head of sudanic sufi brotherhood and claimed to be descendent of Muhammad, launching a revolt to purify Islam against the British (jihad).
Captured Khartoum in 1883.
also called “Mahdi”, considered a prophet?

Question 18

what happened after the death of Mahdi?

Answer 18

• found a capable leader in Khalifa Abdallahi, under which they built a strong, expansive state.

Question 19

Nurhaci

Answer 19

leader of the manchu nomads who conquered China 1644-1912. Created banner armies and adopted Chinese gov. system.

Question 20

Kangxi

Answer 20

confucian scholar and emperor from 1661-1722, est. high degree of sinification amongst manchus.

Question 21

Compradors

Answer 21

wealthy new group of Chinese merchants specializing in port-export trade of China’s south coast. They were one of the major links between China and the World.

Question 22

1711 student protest

Answer 22

protest in china over civil service exam cheating in Yangzhou

Question 23

Lin Zexu

Answer 23

distinguished chinese official who attempted to stamp out the Opium trade in S China, ordering a blockade of European trade areas in Canton and confiscated opium, sat into exile after the war.

Question 24

when did the Opium war begin?

Answer 24

1839

Question 25

when did the Taiping rebellions break out?

Answer 25

1850s-60s

Question 26

Hong Quiquan

Answer 26

a semi-christianized prophet sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and the scholar-gentry system. Started in Spring 1853

Question 27

Self-strengthening movement

Answer 27

late 19th century movement to counter the challenge from the West and led by provincial leaders. Aided in the preservation or the Qing dynasty despite the extreme conservatism.

Question 28

Empress Cixi

Answer 28

ultraconservative, last ruler of the Qing dynasty

Question 29

The Boxer Rebellion

Answer 29

backed by Cixi/Qing, was a pop. outburst in 1898 against foreigners, failed due to foreign intervention.

Question 30

when was the last civil service exam given?

Answer 30

1905

Question 31

Sun Yat-sen

Answer 31

Head of the Revolutionary alliance, and led the 1911 revolution against Qing.
Created the nationalist party of China in 1919 (Guomindang)