Chapter 26 Flashcards
ayan
local land owners
Selim III
reform efforts angered powerful bureaucratic factions. he wanted to improve admin. efficiency and build a new army + navy. Sultan form 1789-1807, toppled by Janissaries in 1807, who saw his revolts as a direct threat.
Mahmud II
- more successful than poor Selim III
- built a private professional army with the help of European advisors
- incited Janissary rebellion then slaughtered them with said army.
- Reformed ottoman empire on western precedents, cowing the ayan to formally submit to the throne and established diplomatic corps with West, exchanging diplomats and reforming the whole military.
Tanzimat reforms
- 1839-1876
- Western style University education reorganized
- 1830s: state run postal and telegraph system introduced
- 1860s: railways built
- towns establish newspapers
- 1876: very European constitution is promulgated
- reforms aided minority religions, whose economic role grew
- 1838 removal or import taxes on the British hurt the artisans
- nothing really happened for women, only debates after 1860s
ulama
muslim scholars with special knowledge on sacred law and theology
Abdul Hamid
- restricted freedom of the press
- 1878-1908
- responded to the threat of Westernized officials by trying to return to “despotic absolutism”, nullifying the constitution and restricting civil liberties.
- He was deposed in a coup in 1908.
image of the sultans after westernization
sultans became a barrier for westernized officials against even more radical reforms.
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
- called Young Turks
- wanted reinstitution of the 1876 constitution
- executed successful 1908 coup, retaining the sultan as a political figurehead
when did Napoleon invade Egypt?
1798
Murad
head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, suffered devastating defeat against Napoleon.
Muhammad Ali
- won power struggle in Egypt after the Mamluk defeat
- established mastery over all of Egypt by 1811
- introduced effective army based on Western tactics, navy threatening Istanbul/Ottomans on multiple occasions
Khedives
Descendants of Muhammad Ali after 1867
- formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention
- overthrown by military coup in 1952, bringing Gamel Abdul Nasser to power.
Suez Canal
connected med. see with the red sea in 1869
financed by europeans with increasingly indebted Khedives
turned egypt into a strategic place
Egyptian religious revivalists
believed that the Qur’an was the source of all truth, interpreted literally.
Secular Reformers
stressed for borrowed learning and tech from the West and rational inquiry in Islamic history
which event spurned decades of British dominance in Egypt?
1882 revolt by Ahmad Arabi against the Khedives, who ran to the British for help.
Muhammad Ahmed
head of sudanic sufi brotherhood and claimed to be descendent of Muhammad, launching a revolt to purify Islam against the British (jihad).
Captured Khartoum in 1883.
also called “Mahdi”, considered a prophet?
what happened after the death of Mahdi?
- found a capable leader in Khalifa Abdallahi, under which they built a strong, expansive state.
Nurhaci
leader of the manchu nomads who conquered China 1644-1912. Created banner armies and adopted Chinese gov. system.
Kangxi
confucian scholar and emperor from 1661-1722, est. high degree of sinification amongst manchus.
Compradors
wealthy new group of Chinese merchants specializing in port-export trade of China’s south coast. They were one of the major links between China and the World.
1711 student protest
protest in china over civil service exam cheating in Yangzhou
Lin Zexu
distinguished chinese official who attempted to stamp out the Opium trade in S China, ordering a blockade of European trade areas in Canton and confiscated opium, sat into exile after the war.
when did the Opium war begin?
1839
when did the Taiping rebellions break out?
1850s-60s
Hong Quiquan
a semi-christianized prophet sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and the scholar-gentry system. Started in Spring 1853
Self-strengthening movement
late 19th century movement to counter the challenge from the West and led by provincial leaders. Aided in the preservation or the Qing dynasty despite the extreme conservatism.
Empress Cixi
ultraconservative, last ruler of the Qing dynasty
The Boxer Rebellion
backed by Cixi/Qing, was a pop. outburst in 1898 against foreigners, failed due to foreign intervention.
when was the last civil service exam given?
1905
Sun Yat-sen
Head of the Revolutionary alliance, and led the 1911 revolution against Qing.
Created the nationalist party of China in 1919 (Guomindang)
