Chapter 25

Question 1

What were colonies close to Haiti that would be colonized for much longer due to this revolution?

Answer 1

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Question 2

Father Miguel de Hidaglo

Answer 2

Called for natives and mestizos in his region in a mexican rebellion in 1810.

Question 3

Why did Hidaglo’s rebellion fail?

Answer 3

Lost support of the Creoles who feared social upheaval more than their desire for independence
Later, Creoles would back insurgent forces once the gov weakened further.

Question 4

Augustín de Iturbide

Answer 4

Creole officer sent to eliminate insurgents, instead allying with them and establishing himself emperor.

Question 5

When did Iturbide occupy Mexico Coty and become emperor?

Answer 5

September 1821

Question 6

When was the short lived conservative Mexican empire turned into a republic? What happened to the Central American stayed they had control over?

Answer 6

1824. Central America split into independent nations.

Question 7

Who had the largest role in northern South American independence

Answer 7

Simon Bolívar

Question 8

When did the NSA Caracas centered independence movement begin?

Answer 8

1810 (same year as Hidaglo’s rebellion!)

Question 9

Simon Bolívar

Answer 9

Wealthy Creole officer, winning revolt again Spain between 1817-1822 in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Question 10

What countries were United under “Gran Colombia”? When did this end?

Answer 10

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Ended in 1830.

Question 11

By when had all of Spanish South America gained independence?

Answer 11

1825, all turning into republics with rep. governments.

Question 12

Who led independence in SSA?

Answer 12

José de San Martín, in the Rio de la Plata.

Question 13

Buenos Aires residents: what are they called, and what did they do?

Answer 13

Porteñas, resented Spanish trade restrictions and wanted freedom of trade, opting for “autonomy” though they controlled surrounding areas themselves.

Question 14

When was the independence of the (ununited) United Provinces of Rio de la Plata proclaimed?

Answer 14

1816

Question 15

Which part of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata was still under spanish control?

Answer 15

Upper Peru

Question 16

Who crossed the Andes to aid the Chilean revolutionary effort?

Answer 16

Joseph de San Martín

Question 17

What battle in Peru led to the slow creole victory against Spain?

Answer 17

Battle of Ayucho in (1824)

Question 18

Why did the general populace of Brazil not support independence movements?

Answer 18

There were many slaves in Brazil due to the European demand for colonial products. The population feared a slave rebellion like Haiti’s more than their want of independence.

Question 19

What two Brazil independence movements failed (date too)

Answer 19

Minas Gerias (1780) and Bahia (1798)

Question 20

Who was the Portuguese monarch who fled to Brazil for a period of time, during the Napoleonic invasions?

Answer 20

Dom Joāo VI

Question 21

Pedro I

Answer 21

The son of King Joāo of Portugal, left in Brazil after his return to Portugal to rule as a regent.

Question 22

When did Pedro I declare Brazil independent?

Answer 22

1822 (same as the end of Simon Bolívar’s NSA campaign)

Question 23

By when is slavery mostly abolished? In what three areas is it still active? Reason why?

Answer 23

1854, everywhere but Cuba + Puerto Rico (spanish colonies) and Brazil. All these areas has economies where slavery was very important.

Question 24

What was the differing effects the Napoleonic Invasions had on Portuguese and Spanish colonies.

Answer 24

Strengthened connection between Portuguese colonies while weakening it between Spanish colonies.

Question 25

How did some early constitutions attempt to discriminate?

Answer 25

Imposed property and literacy restrictions on voters.

Question 26

Until when did the Mexican government remain unstable?

Answer 26

1860s.

Question 27

When did the Central American Union break into separate countries?

Answer 27

1838

Question 28

What was Argentina’s basis?

Answer 28

The old viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata

Question 29

What was the time period of the Haitian revolution?

Answer 29

1791-1804

Question 30

What two Andean nations were in tentative union under Santa Cruz until 1839?

Answer 30

Peru and Bolivia

Question 31

caudillos

Answer 31

independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies. They would sometimes even seize national governments with their private armies.

Question 32

centralists

Answer 32

politicians who wanted strong, centralized national governments with broad powers and often supported by conservatives.

Question 33

federalists

Answer 33

politicians who wanted fiscal and commercial policies to be regulated at the regional level rather than the national. Usually supported by liberals.

Question 34

role of the Church in Mexico

Answer 34

played critical role in education, economy, and politics

Question 35

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 35

strongman leader in Buenos Aires, took power in 1831. Commenced the loyalty of gauchos and restored local, autonomy.

Question 36

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Answer 36

• Seized power in Mexico after the collapse of the Mexican empire in 1824.
• Seized power again after brief liberal reign in 1835.
• Defeated by Texas in the war for independence in 1836.
• Defeated by US in 1848 Mexican-American war
  unseated by 1854 liberal rebellion

Question 37

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 37

1823 American declaration establishing that any attempt by Europeans to recolonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the US. It was supported by the British as a means to open up Latin American trade.

Question 38

latin america’s economy, 1820-70

Answer 38

increasing dependence on foreign investors, with Britain being the largest proponent.

Question 39

Mid-Century stagnation

Answer 39

1820-50, LA economy was stagnant. Only the Spanish colony of Cuba experienced a booming sugar economy.
- after 1850, Europe’s expansion of the economy brought new LA goods like Peruvian guano into demand.

Question 40

Positivism

Answer 40

French philosophy of approaching societal issues with observation and science, adopted by many LA liberals after independence.
French philosopher: Auguste Comte.

Question 41

LA population 1820-80

Answer 41

doubled

Question 42

war of the triple alliance

Answer 42

Arg + Brazil + Uruguay against Paraguay, 1865-70

Question 43

when does Brazil abolish slavery?

Answer 43

1888 (cuba 1886)

Question 44

The Great Boom

Answer 44

1880-1920, tremendous economic growth. Nations in LA made high profits but also became more dependent upon foreign economies. Export conflicts also arose

Question 45

War of the Pacific

Answer 45

1879-1883, Chile vs. Bolivia and Peru over nitrates. Chile was the big winner.

Question 46

Cientificos

Answer 46

advisors of Porfirio Diaz, greatly influenced by positivism.

Question 47

Mexican Revolution

Answer 47

1910, and middle-class reform movement mushrooms into a bloody, ten year long civil war.

Question 48

“Paris of South America”

Answer 48

Argentina

Question 49

Spanish-American war

Answer 49

1898, centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico. Allowed for the annexation of the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Question 50

Panama Canal

Answer 50

since colombia was uncooperative, the US backed a Panamanian independence movement and signed treaty for extensive rights to the Panama canal, opened in 1914.