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physics 1310 > chapter15&16 > Flashcards

chapter15&16 Flashcards

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1
Q

When we speak about heat we refer to ___________.

A

energy in transit

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2
Q

In which direction does heat flow spontaneously between hot and cold objects?

A

From high temperature to low temperature

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3
Q

How is heat similar to and different from internal energy?

A

They are both forms of energy, but heat flows, whereas internal energy does not

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4
Q

Does a hot object contain internal energy or does it contain heat?

A

Internal energy

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5
Q

The air in your room is composed of molecules that have

A

a wide variety of speeds

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6
Q

Temperature is most closely related to molecular

A

kinetic energy

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7
Q

Which temperature scales have equal sized degrees?

A

Celsius and Kelvin

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8
Q

When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows

A

from your finger to the ice.

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9
Q

Heat energy travels from an object with a high

A

temperature to an object with a lower temperature

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10
Q

Hot sand cools off faster at night than plants and vegetation. This indicates that the specific heat capacity for sand is ___________.

A

less than that of plants

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11
Q

Does a substance that heats up quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?

A

A low specific heat capacity

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12
Q

How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?

A

Water has a higher specific heat capacity than most common materials

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13
Q

Why do substances expand when their temperature is increased?

A

Higher-temperature substances have greater molecular motion

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14
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

Ice crystallizes with an open structure, and the gaps that form between the water molecules in ice increase its volume.

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15
Q

Why does all the water in a lake have to be cooled to 4°C before the surface water can be cooled below 4°C?

A

When water is cooled to 4°C, it sinks and deeper, warmer, water rises to the surface

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16
Q

When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows

A

from the potato to your finger

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17
Q

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is

A

4.19 Joules

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18
Q

When 10 grams of hot water cool by 1°C, the amount of heat given off is

A

41.9 Joules

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19
Q

Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

A

at or about 30°C.

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20
Q

Pour two liters of water at 40°C into one liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

A

more than 30°C

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21
Q

A substance with a high thermal inertia has a high

A

specific heat capacity

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22
Q

Materials composed of molecules that absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations have

A

high specific heats

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23
Q

Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats more quickly when the same amount of heat is applied is

A

iron

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24
Q

A substance that cools down faster than others has a

A

low specific heat capacity

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25
Q

A substance that heats up relatively slowly has a

A

high specific heat capacity

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26
Q

When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal

A

expansion

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27
Q

When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes

A

larger

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28
Q

Due to the presence of ice crystals in nearly frozen liquid water, the density of water is

A

lower

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29
Q

If you wish to expand the volume of a sample of water at 4°C

A
  • lower its temperature a bit

- raise its temperature a bit

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30
Q

When water at 4°C is heated it expands. If it is instead cooled it will

A

also expands

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31
Q

Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to

A

4°C

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32
Q

If you touch the metal sides in an oven with your bare hand, you’re in trouble. But hold your hand briefly in the oven air and you’re okay. What does this tell you about the relative conductivities of metal and air?

A

Metal is a good conductor of heat, whereas air is a terrible conductor of heat

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33
Q

Why are materials such as wood, fur, feathers, and even snow good insulators?

A

Outer electrons in these materials are firmly attached

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34
Q

Does a good insulator prevent heat from escaping or slow its passage?

A

Insulators slow the passage of heat

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35
Q

Why does the direction of coastal winds change from day to night?

A

The specific heat of water is greater than the specific heat of land. Water cools more slowly at night. The temperature difference drives convection and offshore winds.

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36
Q

Heat travels from the Sun to Earth by the process of _________.

A

radiation

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37
Q

Relatively speaking, do high-frequency waves have long wavelengths or short wavelengths? Name an electromagnetic wave with higher frequency than blue light.

A

short, ultraviolet

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38
Q

How does the peak frequency of radiant energy relate to the absolute temperature of the radiating source?

A

The peak frequency increases as temperature increases

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39
Q

What is terrestrial radiation?

A

Terrestrial radiation is infrared radiation emitted by Earth’s surface

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40
Q

Since all objects emit energy to their surroundings, why don’t the temperatures of all objects continuously decrease?

A

Objects that are good emitters are equally good absorbers, so they absorb radiation as well as emit it

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41
Q

What determines whether an object is a net absorber or a net emitter of radiant energy at a given time?

A

It is determined by the temperature of the object relative to its surroundings. Hotter objects are net emitters

42
Q

Which will normally warm faster: a black pot of cold water or a silvered pot of cold water? Which will cool faster?

A

black, black

43
Q

Can an object be both a good absorber and a good reflector at the same time?

A

No. A good absorber reflects very little light

44
Q

What type of gas absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation?

A

greenhouse gases

45
Q

Newton’s law of cooling applies to objects that undergo _________.

A

cooling or warming

46
Q

Which will undergo the greater rate of cooling: a red-hot poker in a warm oven or a red-hot poker in a cold room (or do both cool at the same rate)?

A

The poker in the cold room cools fastest.

47
Q

Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity due to

A

looseness of outer electrons in metal atoms

48
Q

Which of these are good insulators?

A
  • feathers.
  • snow.
  • wood.
49
Q

On a cold day your feet feel warmer on a rug than on a tile floor because a rug

A

is a poorer conductor

50
Q

A block of wood and a block of copper will feel neither hot nor cold to the touch when they each have

A

your temperature

51
Q

If you were caught in freezing weather with only a candle for heat, you would be warmer in

A

an igloo

52
Q

The reason you can walk barefoot on red-hot coals of wood without burning your feet mainly involves

A

low conductivity of the coals

53
Q

The form of heat transfer that doesn’t depend on a medium is

A

radiation

54
Q

The higher the temperature of an object, the

A

shorter the wavelengths it radiates

55
Q

If a pizza radiates more energy than it absorbs, its temperature

A

decreases

56
Q

An apple pie will be a net emitter of energy when its temperature is

A

higher than its surroundings.

57
Q

Which body glows with electromagnetic waves?

A
  • the Earth
  • you and your classmates
  • the Sun
58
Q

Waves emitted by the Sun and terrestrial wave emissions are

A

the same except for their frequencies and wavelengths.

59
Q

Long ago a runaway greenhouse effect transformed the planet

A

venus

60
Q

When coal dust is spread on snow on a sunny day

A

more melting occurs

61
Q

Heat normally flows from objects of high

A

temperature to objects of low temperature

62
Q

A Thermos bottle has double glass walls with silver coating on the glass surfaces that face each other. The silver coating reduces energy transfer by

A

radiation

63
Q

When a hot object makes thermal contact with a cold object, the direction of

A

internal energy flow is from hot to cold

64
Q

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C is ___________.

A

1 calorie

65
Q

If the temperature of a sample of water at 0°C is slightly increased, its volume

A

decreases

66
Q

If the temperature of a sample of water at 4°C is slightly increased, its volume

A

increases

67
Q

If the temperature of a sample of water at 4°C is slightly lowered, its volume

A

increases

68
Q

If you measure the width of an outdoor barn with a steel tape on a very cold day, your measured width will be

A

a bit long

69
Q

The lower the temperature of an object, the

A
  • lower the frequency of radiation it emits.

- longer the wavelengths it radiates

70
Q

A liter of cold water will warm faster in sunlight in a

A

black pot

71
Q

In practice, a good insulator

A

slows heat flow

72
Q

When an object absorbs as much as it radiates

A

it remains at about the same temperature

73
Q

A liter of hot water will cool to room temperature faster in a

A

black pot

74
Q

A red-hot piece of coal will cool quicker in a

A

cold room

75
Q

It is commonly thought that a can of beverage will cool faster in the coldest part of a refrigerator. Knowledge of Newton’s law of cooling

A

supports this common knowledge

76
Q

The planet Earth loses heat primarily by

A

radiation

77
Q

A good absorber of radiation is a

A

good emitter of radiation

78
Q

Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be

A

copper

79
Q

Which unit represents the most energy?

A

Calorie

80
Q

The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water’s

A

high specific heat capacity

81
Q

Terrestrial radiation is

A

emitted by Earth

82
Q

Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees?

A

Fahrenheit

83
Q

A temperature difference of 10 Celsius degrees is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the

A

kelvin scale

84
Q

Room temperature on the Kelvin scale is about

A

300 k

85
Q

Heat energy is measured in units of

A
  • calorie

- joules

86
Q

The specific heat capacity is highest for substances that absorb or release large quantities of heat for correspondingly

A

small temperature changes

87
Q

A substance that heats up relatively quickly has a

A

low specific heat capacity

88
Q

The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that the specific heat capacity of sand is relatively

A

low

89
Q

One of water’s interesting thermal properties is that when heated it takes a relatively

A

long time in changing temperature

90
Q

If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a

A

shorter experience

91
Q

When we enlarge a photograph of an iron ring, the image of the hole becomes

A

larger

92
Q

When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is

A

copper expands more than iron

93
Q

Because of trapped air inside, snow is a

A

both a good insulator and a poor conductor

94
Q

If a volume of air is warmed, it expands and tends to

A

cool

95
Q

Blow on your hand with your mouth open. Then do the same with your lips puckered and you’ll find

A
  • a difference in temperatures.

- the breath from puckered lips is cooler

96
Q

Molecules in a region of expanding air more often collide with neighboring molecules that are

A

receding

97
Q

A region of expanding air tends to

A

cool

98
Q

A parcel of warmed air rises due to

A

buoyancy

99
Q

Objects that radiate relatively well

A

absorb radiation relatively well

100
Q

A bridge is more likely to be ice covered than the roadway on a cold day because

A

heat upwelling from the ground below is absent on a bridge

101
Q

If a poor absorber of radiation were a good emitter, its temperature would be

A

less than its surroundings.

102
Q

Every equation in physics reminds us of a lesson: we can never change only one thing. When we change the composition of the atmosphere we likely also change

A
  • its reflectivity.
  • Earth’s climate.
  • its average temperature.
  • its transparency

physics 1310 (17 decks)

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