Chapter1 - Cognition Flashcards
notes for ch 1
Wundt
1832-1920 - founder of experimental psyc, supported introspection - which is subjective
Ebbinghaus
1850-1909 - forgetting curve - first 24hr descent - then gradual plateauing for months/years - storage of info in the mind - nonsense syllables DAX, EBV, etc. - so that previous knowledge/familiarity wouldn’t impact recall - criticzed for lack of ecological validity -
Calkins
recency effect, first woman pres of APA
Wm James
people’s everyday experience, tip of the tongue phenomenon, inquiring/active mind, etc.
Bartlett
gestals psyc - England - memory as constructive process, end result is greater than the parts- continually growing
Behaviourism
focuses on observable reactions to stimuli in environment
Watson
key behaviourist
gestalt
we organize what we see into a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts
cognitive revolution
1950s shift away from behaviourist approaches to internal processes (memory attention language) - how they work together to perceive / interpret / act in the world
why the shift away from behaviourist and when?
late 1930s/40s to 50s - decrease in interest because it couldn’t tell us about problems solving - what is going on within in order to solve the problems
Piaget
influential force in the cognitive revolution - children explore world to understand concepts
Chomsky
linguist - believed people have inborn ability to master all the complicated aspects of language
ecological validity
the idea that research should be conducted in an environment similar to the natural setting where the results would be applied (e.g. lab vs. natural setting/ daily life)
information processing approach vs. connectionist approach
info processing approach = like a computer, one step at a time, serial processing; connectionist approach = many operations simulataneously - parallel - networks of neuron-like processing units
parallel distributed processing
PDP - neural network approach
cognitive science (vs. cognitive psychology)
cpsc, psyc, neuro, phil, ling - and other social sciences - working together to answer questions about the mind
brain lesions
destruction of one area of brain helps us learn organization of brain
PET scan
positron emission tomography - measures blood flow by injecting radiactive chemical before they work on cognitive task to see what spots are activated during task (PET blood)
fMRI
functional MRI - based on O2-rich blood shows where the brain activity is happening
ERP
event-related potential -brief fluctuations in the brain’s elec activity - in resp to a stim like audible tone or visual word - can measure better than other means
magnetoencephalography
MEG - measures magnetic field fluctxuations produced by neural activity when presented with stimuli
EEG
measures electrical activity produced by neural activity when presented with stimuli
