Chapter1 - Cognition

Question 1

Wundt

Answer 1

1832-1920 - founder of experimental psyc, supported introspection - which is subjective

Question 2

Ebbinghaus

Answer 2

1850-1909 - forgetting curve - first 24hr descent - then gradual plateauing for months/years - storage of info in the mind - nonsense syllables DAX, EBV, etc. - so that previous knowledge/familiarity wouldn’t impact recall - criticzed for lack of ecological validity -

Question 3

Calkins

Answer 3

recency effect, first woman pres of APA

Question 4

Wm James

Answer 4

people’s everyday experience, tip of the tongue phenomenon, inquiring/active mind, etc.

Question 5

Bartlett

Answer 5

gestals psyc - England - memory as constructive process, end result is greater than the parts- continually growing

Question 6

Behaviourism

Answer 6

focuses on observable reactions to stimuli in environment

Question 7

Watson

Answer 7

key behaviourist

Question 8

gestalt

Answer 8

we organize what we see into a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 9

cognitive revolution

Answer 9

1950s shift away from behaviourist approaches to internal processes (memory attention language) - how they work together to perceive / interpret / act in the world

Question 10

why the shift away from behaviourist and when?

Answer 10

late 1930s/40s to 50s - decrease in interest because it couldn’t tell us about problems solving - what is going on within in order to solve the problems

Question 11

Piaget

Answer 11

influential force in the cognitive revolution - children explore world to understand concepts

Question 12

Chomsky

Answer 12

linguist - believed people have inborn ability to master all the complicated aspects of language

Question 13

ecological validity

Answer 13

the idea that research should be conducted in an environment similar to the natural setting where the results would be applied (e.g. lab vs. natural setting/ daily life)

Question 14

information processing approach vs. connectionist approach

Answer 14

info processing approach = like a computer, one step at a time, serial processing; connectionist approach = many operations simulataneously - parallel - networks of neuron-like processing units

Question 15

parallel distributed processing

Answer 15

PDP - neural network approach

Question 16

cognitive science (vs. cognitive psychology)

Answer 16

cpsc, psyc, neuro, phil, ling - and other social sciences - working together to answer questions about the mind

Question 17

brain lesions

Answer 17

destruction of one area of brain helps us learn organization of brain

Question 18

PET scan

Answer 18

positron emission tomography - measures blood flow by injecting radiactive chemical before they work on cognitive task to see what spots are activated during task (PET blood)

Question 19

fMRI

Answer 19

functional MRI - based on O2-rich blood shows where the brain activity is happening

Question 20

ERP

Answer 20

event-related potential -brief fluctuations in the brain’s elec activity - in resp to a stim like audible tone or visual word - can measure better than other means

Question 21

magnetoencephalography

Answer 21

MEG - measures magnetic field fluctxuations produced by neural activity when presented with stimuli

Question 22

EEG

Answer 22

measures electrical activity produced by neural activity when presented with stimuli