Chapter 2 - Visual and Auditory Recognition Flashcards
Visual and Auditory Recognition
perception
using knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli gathered by the senses
object recognition
identifying a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli and perceive that this pattern is separate from the background
distal stimulus
actual object
proximal stimulus
image registered in the sensory receptors within our sensory organs (that transmit to the brain)
figure ground illusion
where the figure (distinct shape) and ground (background) switch - vase and two profiles example - usually two colours
illusory contour
edges appear where they don’t exist - we fill in the blanks - involves bottom-up and top-down processing
visual perception is complex or simple
complex
template matching theory
specific patterns are stored in memory - letters (so we see different letters and match them to a base model)
feature-analysis models
visual stimulus is composed of small number of distinctive charax - like letters: angled lines, horiz lines, curves, etc. –> feature
recognition by components model
3d shapes - components called geons - coffee cup = cylinder plus curved handle, etc. –> geon
top down processing
using our existing knowledge, more common in familiar situations
bottom-up processing
using external environment as input to perceive something - more likely to be used in novel situations
word superiority effect
seeing a letter in context - e.g. in a word helps us identify the letter quicker than the letter by itself
change blindness vs. inattentional blindness
change blindness = inability to notice a change; inattentional blindness =focusing so much on one thing that you don’t notice something else happening / some other action - in the scene often as a result of not expecting it - highlights top-down processing relating to expectations (e.g. expecting the same background - the ape in the basketball game)
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
holistic recognition
gestalt - face recognition - overall quality transcends indiv elements
face superiority
similar to word superiority - better at recognizing each part when it’s in the context of the face
phoneme
basic unit of spoken language
inter speaker variability
diff speakers of same language produce the same sound differently - age gender regional dialect impactful
coarticulation
- diff sound of phoneme depending on surrounding phonemes (idle vs. don’t, tap vs. paper)
phonemic restoration
if a sound is missing - hear only part of the word - people will fill in the blanks based on context: eel - on the axle, eel on the shoe, eel on the orange
special mechanism approach
speech is special, device we are born with to allow us to decode speech, phonetic module
general mechanism approach
same mechanism used to perceive speech and non-speech sounds
mcgurk effect
supports general mechanism approach - perceiving speech can be influenced by visual information of the speaker’s face mouth movement articulating an ambiguous phoneme: bab vs. dad - would determine it is dad due to context clues - superior temporal cortex
