Chapter 5 - Long Term Memory

Question 1

Long term memory is what

Answer 1

high capacity storage - few minutes to decades

Question 2

episodic memory

Answer 2

events that happened to you personally - minutes or decades ago

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

knowledge about the world, factual info

Question 4

procedural memory

Answer 4

how to do something

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

how you process information and represent it in your memory

Question 6

Craik and Lockhart levels of processing approach

Answer 6

deep meaningful processing of info leads to more accurate recall than shallow sensory processing - extracting more info from stimulus (vs. just surface / appearance)

Question 7

2 factors of deep processing

Answer 7

distinctiveness - how different stimulus is from other memory traces - something stands out easier to remember

elaboration - interconnected concepts - increased depth of understanding

Question 8

Self reference effect

Answer 8

how something relates to your life and experience

Question 9

3 factors involved in self-reference effect

Answer 9

distinctive cues

personal traits are connected to each other

rehearse the material more if it relates to you

Question 10

testing people about english words or object

Answer 10

self reference instructions - how the word could be applied to themselves - visualize themselves with the object

appearance, sound, semantic charax

Question 11

encoding specificity principle

Answer 11

recall better if context or location during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding (state dependent relateed to state of the person not the location)

Question 12

mental context related to physical context for encoding specificity

Answer 12

mental context may be more important - how something makes a person feel that results in encoding specificity

Question 13

encoding specificity related to level of processing

Answer 13

encoding specificity can override the depth of processing – can still be stronger even if it’s only shallow processing

Question 14

explicit memory task

Answer 14

aware that you are being directly asked something, conscious act of retrieval

Question 15

implicit memory task

Answer 15

complete a task that does not directly ask you for recall or recognition

Question 16

anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

can’t remember things from the injury forward- but implicit memory tasks were just as strong

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

can’t remember prior to injury - episodic but not usually semantic

Question 18

autobiographical memory

Answer 18

memory events related to yourself - lots included

Question 19

schemas

Answer 19

patterns of thinking - shape your thinking for a previous event

Question 20

consistency bias

Answer 20

overwrites or overestimates our past feelings and beliefs with current feelings - suggesting greater consistency in our feelings and beliefs throughout our lives

Question 21

source monitoring

Answer 21

seeking the origin of a memory

Question 22

reality monitoring

Answer 22

seeking what really happened vs. what was imagined

Question 23

flashbulb memory

Answer 23

significant events where we can remember minor details

Question 24

flashbulb memories involve

Answer 24

more rehearsal of certain details - but not necessarily more accurate

Question 25

post event misinformation effect

Answer 25

fallibility of eyewitness testimony - Elizabeth Loftus - person viewing an event, given misleading information, mistakenly recall the misleading info than what they actually saw -

Question 26

contructive nature of memory

Answer 26

combining blending of info from variety of sources

Question 27

retroactive interference

Answer 27

newly acquired info interferes with memories (retro) being retreived

Question 28

proactive interference

Answer 28

old info interferes with pro / new memories being created

Question 29

expertise

Answer 29

demonstrated impressive memory abilities

Question 30

experts - generally have outstanding memory skills?

Answer 30

no, not always

Question 31

memory experts - featuers

Answer 31

well organized notice patterns

reorganize new material

vivid visual images

emphasie disinctiveness of new stimulus

rehearse

reconstruct missing portions

skilled at predicting difficulty of task

Question 32

own ethnicity bias

Answer 32

more accurate identifying members of your own ethnic group than those of another - b/c more opp to interact with those of same ethnic group

Question 33

polyanna principle

Answer 33

pleasant items more efficiently processed

Question 34

3 ways emotional material can influence memory

Answer 34

more accurate for pleasant things

more accurate or neutral stimuli aassoc with pleasant things (an ad in a happy movie)

over time unpleasant memories fade more than unpleasant (except for depressed)

Question 35

recovered memories

Answer 35

memories forgotten then recovered later

Question 36

false memory perspective -

Answer 36

constructed stories