Chapter 4 - Working Memory Flashcards
Working Memory
brown peterson
determined memory was fragile - stored for a few seconds- given 3 words, 3 digit number and had to count backward from that number- preventing rehearsing the words - recall wasn’t great)
serial position effect
better at remembering first and last things in a list
recency effect
Calkin, most recent items
semantic similarity
can affect short term memory capacity - if words in a list are too similar, can cause proactive interference with learning new things from the list - but something stands out as significantly different it can be easier to remember
Atkinson and Shiffrin - what was their theory
that mental processing was similar to a computer - series of stages - sensory to short-term to long term
Baddeley and Hitch - what was their theory
working memory - looked at the value or purpose of short term memory and the idea that we are working with our memory - workbench model - simultaneous processing and storage
what are the 4 components of working memory
phonological loop - processes a limited number of sounds for a short period (subvocalization - sounding words out - reading is a phono loop) - limited capacity
visuospatial sketchpad - gathers info about objects in a scene - difficult to perform - driving and listening to the description of a football game on teh field
episodic buffer - working space temp area workbench - place to problemsolve and plan - might bring things in from long term memory
central executive - manages it all, doesn’t store (similar to executive attention network - which organizes and coodinates results of multiple processing systems)
working memory and certain populations
major depression - ADHD - GAD - struggle with working memory - worrying might tax working memory
working memory
used to be called short term memory - function is to hold several interrelated bits of information - working memory, ongoing mental activities - keeps relevant info accesible - doesnt’ store but holds info
Miller
7+-2 - recalling from a list - usually 5-9 items can be recalled - working memory, little declines with age
proactive interference
inhibition on moving forward and learning something new or recalling something based on things in the past, or list of things (near past like list of things) - that are all very similar
release from proactive interference
changing up the list with something really different - an abrupt change
sensory
2 seconds - but now sensory memory is part of perception
short term memory
30 sec - unless repeated - rehearsal
Atkinson and Shiffrin
- fraction of info moves from short to term long term
acoustic confusions
confused and harder to distinguish - similar sounding stimuli - recall lower - translating visual stimuli of numbers, for example, into subvocalization
neuroscience of language processing
Broca - L front - language production
Wernicke - L back - language comprehension
L parietal involved in
storing - long simple sentences and long complex sentences (also frontal to rehearse)
visuospatial sketchpad
limited capacity, looking at object in everyday life and close eyes to try to reach for it - retaining image of the environment in order to reach for it
visuospatial sketchpad - where
activates R hem and Occipital
daydreaming - what does it involve
central executive
dysexecutive syndrome
describes patients with impaired functioning of the central executive - damage to frontal lobes and disorders in planning, organizing problem solving, and attention – alzheimers parkinsons schizophrenia
episodic buffer
developed after the other 3 components - temporary storehouse as it combines phono, visuo, LTM together to do problem solving
working memory capacity predictive of?
academic performance and intelligence and grades in school
