CHAPTER THREE

Question 1

Personality tests are used
a. only for research purposes.
b. only in clinical settings.
c. only rarely.
d. frequently and by researchers, clinicians, and corporations

Answer 1

d. frequently and by researchers, clinicians, and corporations

Question 2

Personality tests are used

a. only for research purposes.

b. only in clinical settings.

c. only rarely.

d. frequently and by researchers, clinicians, and corporations.

Answer 2

d. frequently and by researchers, clinicians, and corporations.

Question 3

If a person is asked to respond to a picture that could be described in many different ways, then
a. S data are being collected.

b. a projective test is being used.

c. the respondents are likely to be aware of what they are revealing about themselves.

d. the test is probably being given by a research psychologist.

Answer 3

b. a projective test is being used.

Question 4

What is projective tests?

Answer 4

answers reveal inner psychological needs, feelings, experiences, thought processes, or other hidden aspects of the mind ( ambiguous stimuli / open ended responses)

Analysis of content of stories, letters, and speeches
Mostly used by clinical psychologists
Provide B data

Question 5

What are objective tests?

Question 6

Types of projective tests?

Answer 6

Rorschach inkblot test
Draw-A-Person test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 7

What kind of data is projective tests?

Answer 7

B data

Question 8

Disadvantages of projective tests?

Answer 8

Disadvantages
- Validity evidence is scarce.

-Expensive and time-consuming
A psychologist cannot be sure about what they mean.

-Other, less expensive tests work as well or better.

-Sometimes used inappropriately

Question 9

Advantages of projective tests?

Answer 9

Advantages

Good for breaking the ice
Some skilled clinicians may be able to use them to get information not captured by controlled research.

Question 10

Objective Tests

Answer 10

ask participant specific questions and assess personality on the basi sof teh participants choice among predtermined options (T or F/ Yes or No)

Questions seem more objective and less open to interpretation

Based on theory, but sometimes less systematic

Items are still not absolutely objective

Question 11

What kind of data is objective tests?

Answer 11

S data

Question 12

Statistical significance

Answer 12

a result that would only occur by chance less than 5 percent of the time

Question 13

Effect Size

Answer 13

Can be used for prediction
Can be calculated for experimental studies

Question 14

Deception

Answer 14

Purpose: usually to make the research realistic

Allowed by APA guidelines

Rare in personality research

Question 15

What questions should researchers ask themselves?

Answer 15

Why am I doing this?
Are these good reasons?

Question 16

Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST):

Answer 16

the traditional method of statistical data analysis that determines the chance of getting the result if nothing were really going on

Question 17

Four conditions for validity

Answer 17

Items mean the same thing to the test taker and creator.

Capability for accurate self-assessment

Willingness to make an accurate and undistorted report

Items must be valid indicators of what is being measured.

Question 18

What are the steps of Factor analysis

Answer 18

1.Generate a long list of objective items.

2.Administer these items to a large number of people.

3.Analyze with a factor analysis.

4.Consider what the items that group together have in common and name the factor.

Question 19

What are the steps of Empirical

Answer 19

1.Gather lots of items.

2.Have a sample of people already divided into groups.

3.Administer the test.

4.Compare the answers of the different groups.

5.Cross-validation

Question 20

p-level

Answer 20

probability level of obtaining a result from a statistical test if there really is no difference