CHAPTER NINE

Question 1

Eugenics

Answer 1

controversy #1: the belief that humanity could and should be improved through slective breeding

Question 2

Cloning

Answer 2

controversy #2: the belief that it might be technologically possible to produce a complete duplicate, psychological and physical human being

Question 3

Heritability coefficients from twin studies ≈

Answer 3

.40

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

one of two or more alterntive forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Short allele + stress may lead to depression

Question 5

Reactive perosn envirnment transaction

Answer 5

The same enviornments that promtte good outcomes for some can permote bad outcomes for others

Question 6

Genes matter?

Answer 6

Not all of personality coems from experience, some come form genes

Question 7

Heritability coefficients from non-twin studies

Answer 7

.20

Question 8

Epigenetics

Answer 8

experience affecst biology, may be possible to help people find enviornments that will lead to good outcomes

Question 9

Alturism

Answer 9

can lead to protection of other people, especially close relatives and ensure surival of genes in succeeding genrations. Your genes may make it into the next genration evn if you dont produce offspring

Question 10

Agression

Answer 10

Agression can help a person protect territory,property and mates, lead to higher status, higher soicla group by can also leas to fighting

Question 11

Evoluntionary Mismatch

Answer 11

The modern enviornment is a mismatch with human history. Evolution is not the same as progress and just bc a tendency is “natural” does not mean it can’t be harmful. Some of our most natural tendencies might be our most dangerous

Question 12

Evoluntionary theory

Answer 12

is the foundation of modern biology

Adresses how patterns of behaviour that characterize all humans may hve originated in the survival value of these chrcateistcs

Question 13

Self Esteem

Answer 13

signs that we arent valued casuses slef esteem to go doen. people cn fila to survive and reproduce

Question 14

Depression

Answer 14

has evovled bc of itss surviavl value. individuals who lack capcity for dpressive symtoms might be more likey to lose valuable relationships, learn less from mistakes, less able to makes friends

Question 15

Methodology –

Biological determinism or social structure – related to the idea that people evolved to be flexible. The result of evolutionary history might be the result of humans responding to changing circumstances, especially social structure. Women are starting to challenge traditional sex roles and may counteract biology as well

Answer 15

How can evolutionary speculations be tested? What sort of experiment can we do to prove or disprove the sociometer theory of self-esteem? How could we test an evolutionary hypothesis?

Question 16

5 STRESS TESTS FOR EVOLUTIONARY BEHAVIOUR

Answer 16

Assesses the degree to which evolutionary approach to behavior can stand up to challenge

Methodology
Reproductive Instinct
Conservative bias –
Human flexibility
Biological determinism or social structure –

Question 17

Reproductive Instinct

Answer 17

Evolutionary psychology’s assumption that everyone is trying to reproduce is a challenge because some try to limit reproduction. People have tendencies toward sexual behaviors because of the effects of similar sexual behaviors on past generations reproductive outcomes – not because of any current intention to propagate

Question 18

Accounting for Individual Differences

Answer 18

Behavioral patterns evolved as reactions to particular environmental experiences.
Several possible behavioral strategies evolved.
Some behaviors may be frequency dependent.
Human nature is flexible.

Question 19

Life history

Answer 19

an idea that animals gnerall exhibit one of two diff approaches to reproduction

1. Aminals reproduce multiple times at young age but does not devote many or any resorecs to protect offring

2.Animal does not reproduce until relatively late in life, has fewer offspring but invest more in each one

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

Diversity makes adaptation to changing conditions possible. A trat adaptive in one situation might be harmful in another.

Question 21

One criticism of evolutionary personality theory is that it

attempts to explain only a narrow range of behavioral patterns.

is too easy to find evidence against the theory.

places too much emphasis on how social structure influences behavior.

does not explain how people living now decide to behave.

Answer 21

does not explain how people living now decide to behave.

Question 22

According to evolutionary personality psychology,

one way to explain personality and behavior is to look at how behaviors might have been adaptive for our ancestors.

personality is entirely determined by genetics.

everyone should have the same personality, and those who differ are maladaptive.

evolutionary theory can only be used to explain a few human behaviors.

Answer 22

one way to explain personality and behavior is to look at how behaviors might have been adaptive for our ancestors.

Question 23

Genes affect behavior

directly, by being able to control certain behaviors.

because genes and behavior have a one-to-one correspondence.

by influencing the propensities or tendencies toward certain behaviors.

much more than does the environment.

Answer 23

by influencing the propensities or tendencies toward certain behaviors.

Question 24

Conservative bias –

Answer 24

That evolutionary behavior embodies conservative bias. It assumes that humans’ current behavioural tendencies evolved as a result of the species’ past environments and these tendencies are biologically rooted, the evolutionary approach implies the current behavioral order was not only inevitable but unchangeable and appropriate

Question 25

Human flexibility –

Answer 25

the challenge that evolutionary accounts seem to describe specific behaviors are programmed into the brain but psychology proves humans are extraordinary, flexible creatures with a minimum of instinctive behavior patterns compared with other species

Question 26

Biological determinism or social structure –

Answer 26

related to the idea that people evolved to be flexible. The result of evolutionary history might be the result of humans responding to changing circumstances, especially social structure. Women are starting to challenge traditional sex roles and may counteract biology as well

Question 27

The biological aspects of perosnality that you inherited form your parents may determine …

Answer 27

your psychlogical starting point but not your destiny

Question 28

Evolutionary processes maintain individuals differences in 3 ways

Answer 28

A trait that is adaptive in one situation may be harmful in another

behavioural patterns have evolved to emerge as functions of enviromental experiences

some biologically influenced behaviors ar “frequency dependent” meaning that their emergence adjsut according to how common they are in the population at large