CHAPTER SIX

Question 1

Single trait approach

Answer 1

Examine correlations between one trait and many behaviors

Used in studying self monitoring and narcissism

what do people like that do with a certain personality trait?

Question 2

Many trait approach

Answer 2

Examine correlations between one behavior and many traits

begins with the implicit research question, who does what?

Seek to explain the pattern of correlations

Q-set is a test that assess this ( 100 diff personlity characteristics at once)

Question 3

Essential trait approach

Answer 3

addressed which traits are most important

Question 4

Typological trait approach

Answer 4

stems from a doubt and hope, focuing on pattterns of traits that charcterize while persons and sorts these patterns

Question 5

What are the FIVE BIG traits

Answer 5

(OCEAN )

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 6

Traits are NOT

Answer 6

determinants of behaviour

Question 7

Traits ARE

Answer 7

Characterizes average behavior across time and situations

Can be used to predict behavior and important life outcomes

Question 8

What are the 4 ways to study Personality?

Answer 8

Single-trait approach
Many-trait approach
Essential-trait approach
Typological approach

Question 9

Lexical hypothesis

Answer 9

The important aspect of human life will be labeled and if somthings is truly imprtant and universla many words for it will exist in all languages

Question 10

Implications of the Big Five

Answer 10

-Traits are orthogonal, or unrelated.
-Can bring order to many research findings
-More complex than they seem at first
Not entirely orthogonal
Higher-order factors: stability and plasticity
General Factor of Personality and emotional intelligence
Lower-order factors or facets
Labels are oversimplified.

Question 11

The Essential-Trait Approach: Extraversion (2)

Answer 11

Eysenck’s view of extraversion

-React less to sensory stimuli (the lemon juice test)

-Crave extreme levels of stimulation

Question 12

The Many-Trait Approach: Q-set

Answer 12

California Q-set
100 personality descriptions
Sort into a forced choice, symmetrical, and normal distribution
Compare characteristics within an individual

Question 13

The Many-Trait Approach: Talking

Answer 13

Certainty words: related to being perceived as intelligent, verbally fluent, turned to for advice, ambitious, generous

Question 14

The Many-Trait Approach: Political beliefs

Answer 14

Conservative: feeling guilty, anxious, and unable to handle stress well as children; favor values of in-group loyalty, authority and respect, and purity

Liberal: resourceful, independent, self-reliant, and confident as children

Authoritarian: uncooperative and inflexible, likely to obey commands to harm others, fewer positive emotions, crave strong leaders; attitudes may be from attempts to lessen fear; likely to have had parents high on authoritarianism
Children who were anxious, misbehaved, and hyperactive became adults who were discontented with the economic and political system.
Ideology is related to values.

Question 15

Single trait: Narcissism

Answer 15

refers to excessive self love which can be so extremee to be classified as a disorder.

people who score high in Narccissism:
-Charming, make good first impression

-Manipulative, overbearing, entitled, vain, arrogant, exhibitionistic

-May not feel good about themselves

-Many negative behaviors and
attributes

(Not all of narcissism is bad.)

Question 16

Single trait : Self monitoring

Answer 16

relationships and dicrepancies between the inner and outer self

Question 17

High self monitors

Answer 17

really are different between theor inner and puter s;eves and in how they perform in diffrent settings

Question 18

Low self monitors

Answer 18

are largely the same outside as they are inside and do not vary much

Expected to be more judgeable

Self directed, having integrity, consitent, honets

Question 19

Chacteristics of Extraversion

Answer 19

Active, outspoken, dominant, forceful, adventurous, spunky
Cheerful, upbeat, optimistic
Ambitious, hard-working, achievement-oriented
Powerful influence on behavior
Sensitive to rewards
Experience positive emotions more

Question 20

Disadvantages and Advanatges of Extraversion

Answer 20

Disadvantage: mate poaching, argumentative, need to be in control, poor time management, at risk for becoming overweight

Advantages: Higher status, rated more attractive, more psoitive emotions

Question 21

Neuroticism

Answer 21

Tend to dela ineffectively with problems in their lives and react more nagatovely to stressful events

Sensitive to socila threats taht people don’t like them

Higher levels if neuroticism= higher reports of unhapiness and anxious

Negatively correlated with happiness, well-being, and physical health

Positively correlated with self-reports of unhappiness, anxiety, and physical illness

Question 22

Are the Big Five sufficient for really understanding people?

Answer 22

The Big Five is a structure of traits, not people.

The structure of traits across individuals is not the same thing as the structure of personality within a person.
Important differences between people may be qualitative.

Question 23

Openness

Answer 23

Ways to view this trait
Approach to intellectual matters or basic intelligence
Value of cultural matters
Creativity and perceptiveness

Most controversial trait
Viewed by others as creative, imaginative, open-minded, and clever
Politically liberal
More likely to use drugs and play a musical instrument
Appreciate nature, active in environmental causes

Question 24

Agreeableness

Answer 24

Conformity, friendly compliance, likeability, warmth, love
Facets: compassion, morality, trust, affability, modesty
Cooperative and easy to get along with
Rate others more positively, say nice things more than mean things
Smoke less
Women tend to be more agreeable than men

Question 25

Conscientiousness Characteristics

Answer 25

Dutiful, careful, rule-abiding, ambitious
Valuable employees
Careful and considerate drivers
Avoid risk and seek to protect themselves
Live longer
Downsides

Question 26

What is teh 6th trait

Answer 26

Humility (HOCEAN)

Question 27

3 replicable types

Answer 27

adjusted

maladjusted overcontrolling

maladjusted under controlling

Question 28

Typological Approach: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Four opposing tendencies:

Answer 28

Extroversion (E) vs. Introversion (I)
Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N)
Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
Judgment (J) vs. Perception (P)

Question 29

Typological Approach: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Reasons for popularity

Answer 29

Offers seemingly rich and intriguing descriptions of each personality type
Looks especially insightful
All types are explained positively.
People think learning their type is enjoyable.

Question 30

Typological Approach: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Criticisms

Answer 30

Not useful for selection or predicting life outcomes

Based on normally distributed scores
Measurement is not reliable

No evidence that different types follow, persist in, or succeed in different lines of work

Question 31

A researcher who is interested in the construct of cooperativeness and wants to discover what this trait is able to predict should use the

single-trait approach.

many-trait approach.

essential-trait approach.

typological approach.

Answer 31

single-trait approach.

Question 32

Which of the Big Five traits is the best predictor of relationship problems, criminal behavior, and mental illness?

extraversion

agreeableness

conscientiousness

neuroticism

openness to experience

Answer 32

neuroticism

Question 33

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is

useful for deciding who to hire for a job.

an example of the many-trait approach.

frequently used by businesses and schools even though it is not a reliable way to assess personality.

mostly used by psychologists for research purposes.

Answer 33

frequently used by businesses and schools even though it is not a reliable way to assess personality.

Question 34

Why are traits useful

Answer 34

for perdicting and for increasing understanding of behaviour

Question 35

Typological

Answer 35

Attempts to capture the ways people might differ in kind, not just in degree. Research has identified three basic types of personality: well adjusted, maladjusted overcontrolled and maladjusted under controlled