CHAPTER EIGHT

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

functions of the brain

Question 2

Bio chemistry

Answer 2

effects or neurotrasmitters on teh brain

Question 3

Types of nerves

Answer 3

Afferent nerves (cody to brain)
Efferent nerves ( brain to body)
Interneurons

Question 4

Parts of nerves

Answer 4

Dendrites
Axons

Question 5

Efferent nerves

Answer 5

send impulses and instructions from central nervous system to muscles, glands, and organs

Question 6

Interneurons

Answer 6

organize and regulate transmissions between nerve cells. The brain is the biggest bundle of interneurons

Question 7

Brain damage

Answer 7

Phineas Gage
Lesions

Question 8

Brain activity and imaging

Answer 8

-Used to observe functioning directly
-Detect WHEN the brain is working

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 9

Frontal cortex

Answer 9

large in size, divided into 2 lobes. Play a role in cognition such as ability to plan ahead and anticipate consequences, emotional experience, empathy, moral reasoning

Question 10

EEG suggests the..

Answer 10

Left is more active when someone want to approach something pleasant and can inhibit responses to unpleasant stimuli It is said to promote good feelings and dampen bad ones

Right is associated with wanting to withdraw from something unpleasant or frightening
An especially active right brain is associated with the Big Five trait neuroticism

Question 11

INNER ORGANS: Thalamus

Answer 11

small organ in the middle which regulates arousal and serves other functions

Question 12

INNER ORGANS:Amygdala

Answer 12

has an important role in emotion, links perceptions and thoughts about the world and their emotional meaning.

People with PTSD tend to have an active amygdala all the time. Functioning is related to positive emotions such as social attraction and sexual responsiveness. After brain assesses situation, amygdala makes heartbeat faster, raises blood pressure, and releasing hormones like cortisol and epinephrine

Question 13

INNER ORGANS: Hypothalamus

Answer 13

underneath thalamus near bottom of brain, above roof of mouth, and connect to everything else. It secretes hormones

Question 14

INNER ORGANS: Hormones

Answer 14

biological chemicals that affect the entire body

Question 15

The chemical that is released in response to stress and prepares the body for fight-or-flight is

epinephrine.

dopamine.

testosterone.

serotonin.

Answer 15

epinephrine.

Question 16

The frontal lobes and neocortex seem to play a role in

social understanding and self-control.

emotions and decision making.

how people respond to pleasant and unpleasant stimuli.

all of the above.

Answer 16

all of the above.

Question 17

The research methods used to study the brain

are essentially unchanged from methods that were used when people first started studying the brain.

provide completely reliable, objective, and indisputable evidence about how the brain is related to behavior.

make it possible to observe which parts of the brain are most active.

only work with animals.

Answer 17

make it possible to observe which parts of the brain are most active.

Question 18

Plasticity traits, ability to adapt (extraversion, openness) associated with

Answer 18

dopamine

Question 19

why is understanding the brain useful

Answer 19

Understanding the brain can help us understand behavior, but understanding behavior can also help us understand the brain.

Question 20

Stability traits (emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness), associated with

Answer 20

serotonin

Question 21

OXYTOCIN

Answer 21

Often referred to as the “love hormone,” oxytocin plays a key role in lowering anxiety and fostering emotional connection. It is crucial for mother-child bonding, with higher levels during pregnancy linked to better bonding with the child. Oxytocin also influences romantic attachment and sexual response.

Released by the hypothalamus, it circulates through both the body and brain via the bloodstream. Additionally, oxytocin levels increase during sexual activity and orgasm, making it closely tied to the stages of reproduction.

Question 22

TESTOSTERONE

Answer 22

Testosterone, which is primarily found in males (with men having about 10 times more than women), plays a significant role in various physiological and behavioral processes. Synthetic versions of testosterone, known as anabolic steroids, are often used to enhance muscle growth and athletic performance. Testosterone is linked to traits such as aggressiveness, sexuality, and dominance. In women, lower levels of testosterone have been associated with reduced sexual interest.

Importantly, testosterone is not only a cause of certain behaviors, but also an effect; its levels can influence mood, motivation, and overall well-being.

Estrogen, on the other hand, is primarily found in females and is crucial for regulating the reproductive system and influencing secondary sexual characteristics. It plays a key role in menstrual cycles, fertility, and the development of female traits such as breast development and bone health.

Question 23

Serotonin

Answer 23

is important in brain function, it helps ward off depression, also found in gut to regulate digestion

Question 24

Fight or flight process

Answer 24

The levels of hormones rise in response to stress, then released into bloodstream, heart speeds up, digestion stops, muscles tense, adrenaline rush, brain full alert and concentrated on matter at hand
Females don’t always have the flight or fight response (more nurturing)
Tends to be tend-and-befriend
The more you are exposed to threats, the better you are able to deal with stress later on

Question 25

EPINEPHERINE AND NOREPINEPHRNIE

Answer 25

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is found throughout the body, playing a vital role in the “fight or flight” response by preparing the body for stress or danger. It helps increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, and enhance energy production. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), on the other hand, is primarily concentrated within the brain, especially in the brainstem, and plays a crucial role in regulating arousal, attention, and alertness.

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are important neurotransmitters in the body’s stress response, with epinephrine acting more peripherally and norepinephrine influencing the central nervous system

Question 26

Cingulate

Answer 26

is a brain structure in the cortex on top of corpus callosum (connects the two halves of the brain)
Important for processing information about time and space and in reacting rapidly to threatening situations, while the anterior cingulate is important for the experience of normal emotion

Question 27

Prefrontal leucotomy

Answer 27

mall areas of white matter behind each frontal lobe was deliberately damaged

Question 28

Neurotransmitters

Answer 28

They travel across the synapse and cause a chemical reaction that has an excitatory or inhibitory effect

Question 29

Monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO)

Answer 29

regulates breakdown of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin)

Question 30

Cortisol

Answer 30

Released in response to stress

Chronically high levels in people with severe stress, anxiety, and depression

Low levels related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sensation seeking

Question 31

What plays a role in communication between and stimlation of teh cells

Answer 31

neurotransmitters

hormones

Question 32

It is responsible for respodning to reward and may b ethe basis of extaversion

Answer 32

Dopamine

Question 33

it aids in reualting emotions

Answer 33

Serotonnin

Question 34

a male sex hormorne

Answer 34

testosterone

Question 35

teh love hormorne

Answer 35

oxyrocin