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Soc 111 > Chapter 9: Work, Occupations, and the Economy > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Work, Occupations, and the Economy Flashcards

1
Q

the ______ own the means of production

A

bourgeoisie

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2
Q

the _____ sell their labour for a wage

A

proletariats

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3
Q

the physical, intellectual, and social resources that a society uses to produce wealth

A

means of production

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4
Q

Marx used this term to reference the raw materials needed to make commodities that could be sold on the market

A

means of production

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5
Q

owners exploit workers by extracting ______ from labour

A

surplus value

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6
Q

when workers are exploited they are _______ from their product, labour, themselves and others

A

alienated

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7
Q

Marx’s 4 types of alienation

A
  1. alienation from the product of labour
  2. alienation from the process
  3. alienation from themselves
  4. alienation from other workers
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8
Q

Weber saw the quest for _________ as the defining feature of society

A

rationalization

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9
Q

process of replacing decisions, ideas and actions based on traditions or emotions with practicality, calculations, and reason

A

rationalization

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10
Q

Bureaucratic organizations are an exemplary from of

A

rationalization

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11
Q

are defined by a rigid, prescribed, and hierarchical enviro

A

bureaucratic workplaces

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12
Q

what’s an example of a bureaucratic organization

A

university

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13
Q

Durkheim described pre-industrial economies as having a _________, while industrial ones have _______

A

mechanical solidarity

organic solidarity

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14
Q

social cohesion based on shared values and a relatively undifferentiated division of labour

A

mechanical solidarity

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15
Q

modern working arrangement gave rise to

A

anomie

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16
Q

describes a sense of normlessness, a condition where there is a breakdown of social values and norms

A

anomie

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17
Q

new social cohesion where there is a breakdown of social values and norms

A

organic solidarity

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18
Q

Durkheim was a

A

structural functionalist

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19
Q

believed that any society depends on presence of necessary institutions, social norms, and the processes that contribute to functioning of the social system

A

Durkheim

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20
Q

saw potential for new forms of associations to protect workers from abuse

A

Durkheim

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21
Q

solidarity through likeness, low division of labour, strong collective conscience

A

mechanical solidarity

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22
Q

solidarity through difference, high division of labour (specialization), weak collective conscience, restitutive law

A

organic solidarity

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23
Q

explains the structural effects of the capitalist org of labour on workers as they struggle for autonomy and control over their labour and skills

A

labour process theory

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24
Q

seeks to increase control of labour process by automating skills and dividing workers and production into small, specialized tasks

A

scientific management

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25
Q

scientific management seeks to increase control of labour process by ________ skills and _______ workers and production into specialized tasks

A

automating

dividing

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26
Q

Braverman critique of scientific management states that capitalist production alienates workers through

A

deskilling

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27
Q

where workers gradually lose skills while doing a job

A

deskilling

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28
Q

workers don’t passively submit to will of managers, they actively participate in process of negotiation, what Burowoy calls

A

making out

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29
Q

used to describe an occupation that has several specific traits

A

profession

30
Q

have attempted to model themselves after established professions to increase their prestige and pay (3)

A
  • occupations
  • semi-professions
  • para-professions
31
Q

Andrew Abbott noted that a profession is most vulnerable to having their area poached when (3)

A
  • it loses power to diagnose or treat problems
  • knowledge becomes too common
  • when status of a profession is tied to its clients
32
Q

refers to shift in economic focus from manufacturing to knowledge-based work

A

post-industrial society

33
Q

one of most significant changes in work during 20th century was a shift from a Canadian economy based on _______ to one based on the ______

A

manufacturing goods

provision of services

34
Q

during the post-industrial society there is a rise in Canadians who are

A

self-employed

35
Q

when there is a downturn in the economy, the rates of self-employment tend to

A

rise

36
Q

the regulation and management of feelings and an emotional performance by workers in the workplace

A

emotional labour

37
Q

Hochschild pointed that in capitalist workplaces, human emotions are commodified in interest of

A

business and profit

38
Q

loss of control and estrangement from our feelings

A

emotional labour

39
Q

the construction of the “ideal” worker is bound up with

A

race and gender

40
Q

describes the uneven distribution of social class along lines of ethnicity in 1960s Canada

A

vertical mosaic

41
Q

Porter argued that ____ and ____ are bound up with ethnicity

A 
class
power
42
Q

mosaic approach to multiculturalism is similar to the ______ approach in the US where immigrants are expected to assimilate to American culture

A

melting pot

43
Q

approaches racial and ethnic segregation in the labour market through a structural lens

A

split labour market theory

44
Q

when a member of a workplace minority is forced to represent their entire group

A

tokenism

45
Q

“we need a women’s perspective here” is an example of

A

tokenism

46
Q

supply-side explanations for inequalities focus on workers… (3)

A

preferences
actions
characteristics

47
Q

this perspective assumes that individuals make education and work-related choices free of constraints

A

supply-side explanations for inequalities

48
Q

focuses on employer’s preferences, actions and on characteristics of the workplace and labour market that may disadvantage some while advantaging others

A

demand-side explanation for inequalities

49
Q

demand-side explanation for inequalities focus on things like (3)

A

discrimination
stereotyping
biases

50
Q

lacks stability and fringe benefits, often temporary, part-time or refer to the self-employed or housework

A

non-standard work

51
Q

uncertain, low-paying, impermanent, and limited in entitlements and social benefits

A

precarious work

52
Q

find themselves having to be flexible instead being afforded flexibility

A

precarious work

53
Q

this group has been affected the most by increases in temporary employment

A

young Canadian men

54
Q

quality of a job can be measured along these 2 dimensions

A
  • economic dimensions

- non-economic dimensions

55
Q

wages, benefits, insurance, retirement pensions are

A

economic dimensions

56
Q

autonomy, flexible schedules, intrinsic rewards are

A

non-economic dimensions

57
Q

procurement of contract labourers for short-term assignments, often aided by technology

A

Gig economy

58
Q

hybrid system of exchange where consumers interact online and in person to exchange goods at optimal saving and efficiency

A

sharing economy

59
Q

poses a threat to the existence of many jobs

A

automation

60
Q

argues that income is a reflection of the amount of educational and training investments undertaken by individuals

A

human capital theory

61
Q

according to this theory, rising levels of education credentials are needed to perform a variety of jobs that are more complex and demanding

A

human capital theory

62
Q

refers to the devaluation or declining value of particular degrees and certificates

A

credential inflation

63
Q

Collings points to surveys where many workers feel ______ (many aspects of work are learned on the job)

A

overqualified

64
Q

traditional division of labour. Male: Female:

A

Male: breadwinner
Female: homemaker

65
Q

women are in paid workforce but still do more household labour

A

the second shift

66
Q

women are penalized in wages for having children while men are rewarded

A

motherhood penalty, fatherhood premium

67
Q

can have a positive impact on integrating work and family

A

new non-standard work arrangements

68
Q

men in female-dominated careers tend get fast-tracked to promotions (ex: male nurses)

A

glass escalator

69
Q

an intersectional lens reveals that ____ matters when regarding the glass escalator

A

race

70
Q

under this system, managers closely monitor worker’s actions, pace, and interactions

A

scientific management

71
Q

focuses on the productive wealth embodied in labour, skill, and knowledge

A

human capital theory

Soc 111 (10 decks)

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