Chapter 9: Work, Occupations, and the Economy

Question 1

the ______ own the means of production

Answer 1

bourgeoisie

Question 2

the _____ sell their labour for a wage

Answer 2

proletariats

Question 3

the physical, intellectual, and social resources that a society uses to produce wealth

Answer 3

means of production

Question 4

Marx used this term to reference the raw materials needed to make commodities that could be sold on the market

Answer 4

means of production

Question 5

owners exploit workers by extracting ______ from labour

Answer 5

surplus value

Question 6

when workers are exploited they are _______ from their product, labour, themselves and others

Answer 6

alienated

Question 7

Marx’s 4 types of alienation

Answer 7

1. alienation from the product of labour
2. alienation from the process
3. alienation from themselves
4. alienation from other workers

Question 8

Weber saw the quest for _________ as the defining feature of society

Answer 8

rationalization

Question 9

process of replacing decisions, ideas and actions based on traditions or emotions with practicality, calculations, and reason

Answer 9

rationalization

Question 10

Bureaucratic organizations are an exemplary from of

Answer 10

rationalization

Question 11

are defined by a rigid, prescribed, and hierarchical enviro

Answer 11

bureaucratic workplaces

Question 12

what’s an example of a bureaucratic organization

Answer 12

university

Question 13

Durkheim described pre-industrial economies as having a _________, while industrial ones have _______

Answer 13

mechanical solidarity

organic solidarity

Question 14

social cohesion based on shared values and a relatively undifferentiated division of labour

Answer 14

mechanical solidarity

Question 15

modern working arrangement gave rise to

Answer 15

anomie

Question 16

describes a sense of normlessness, a condition where there is a breakdown of social values and norms

Answer 16

anomie

Question 17

new social cohesion where there is a breakdown of social values and norms

Answer 17

organic solidarity

Question 18

Durkheim was a

Answer 18

structural functionalist

Question 19

believed that any society depends on presence of necessary institutions, social norms, and the processes that contribute to functioning of the social system

Answer 19

Durkheim

Question 20

saw potential for new forms of associations to protect workers from abuse

Answer 20

Durkheim

Question 21

solidarity through likeness, low division of labour, strong collective conscience

Answer 21

mechanical solidarity

Question 22

solidarity through difference, high division of labour (specialization), weak collective conscience, restitutive law

Answer 22

organic solidarity

Question 23

explains the structural effects of the capitalist org of labour on workers as they struggle for autonomy and control over their labour and skills

Answer 23

labour process theory

Question 24

seeks to increase control of labour process by automating skills and dividing workers and production into small, specialized tasks

Answer 24

scientific management

Question 25

scientific management seeks to increase control of labour process by ________ skills and _______ workers and production into specialized tasks

Answer 25

automating | dividing

Question 26

Braverman critique of scientific management states that capitalist production alienates workers through

Answer 26

deskilling

Question 27

where workers gradually lose skills while doing a job

Answer 27

deskilling

Question 28

workers don't passively submit to will of managers, they actively participate in process of negotiation, what Burowoy calls

Answer 28

making out

Question 29

used to describe an occupation that has several specific traits

Answer 29

profession

Question 30

have attempted to model themselves after established professions to increase their prestige and pay (3)

Answer 30

- occupations - semi-professions - para-professions

Question 31

Andrew Abbott noted that a profession is most vulnerable to having their area poached when (3)

Answer 31

- it loses power to diagnose or treat problems - knowledge becomes too common - when status of a profession is tied to its clients

Question 32

refers to shift in economic focus from manufacturing to knowledge-based work

Answer 32

post-industrial society

Question 33

one of most significant changes in work during 20th century was a shift from a Canadian economy based on _______ to one based on the ______

Answer 33

manufacturing goods | provision of services

Question 34

during the post-industrial society there is a rise in Canadians who are

Answer 34

self-employed

Question 35

when there is a downturn in the economy, the rates of self-employment tend to

Answer 35

rise

Question 36

the regulation and management of feelings and an emotional performance by workers in the workplace

Answer 36

emotional labour

Question 37

Hochschild pointed that in capitalist workplaces, human emotions are commodified in interest of

Answer 37

business and profit

Question 38

loss of control and estrangement from our feelings

Answer 38

emotional labour

Question 39

the construction of the "ideal" worker is bound up with

Answer 39

race and gender

Question 40

describes the uneven distribution of social class along lines of ethnicity in 1960s Canada

Answer 40

vertical mosaic

Question 41

Porter argued that ____ and ____ are bound up with ethnicity

Answer 41

``` class power ```

Question 42

mosaic approach to multiculturalism is similar to the ______ approach in the US where immigrants are expected to assimilate to American culture

Answer 42

melting pot

Question 43

approaches racial and ethnic segregation in the labour market through a structural lens

Answer 43

split labour market theory

Question 44

when a member of a workplace minority is forced to represent their entire group

Answer 44

tokenism

Question 45

"we need a women's perspective here" is an example of

Answer 45

tokenism

Question 46

supply-side explanations for inequalities focus on workers... (3)

Answer 46

preferences actions characteristics

Question 47

this perspective assumes that individuals make education and work-related choices free of constraints

Answer 47

supply-side explanations for inequalities

Question 48

focuses on employer's preferences, actions and on characteristics of the workplace and labour market that may disadvantage some while advantaging others

Answer 48

demand-side explanation for inequalities

Question 49

demand-side explanation for inequalities focus on things like (3)

Answer 49

discrimination stereotyping biases

Question 50

lacks stability and fringe benefits, often temporary, part-time or refer to the self-employed or housework

Answer 50

non-standard work

Question 51

uncertain, low-paying, impermanent, and limited in entitlements and social benefits

Answer 51

precarious work

Question 52

find themselves having to be flexible instead being afforded flexibility

Answer 52

precarious work

Question 53

this group has been affected the most by increases in temporary employment

Answer 53

young Canadian men

Question 54

quality of a job can be measured along these 2 dimensions

Answer 54

- economic dimensions | - non-economic dimensions

Question 55

wages, benefits, insurance, retirement pensions are

Answer 55

economic dimensions

Question 56

autonomy, flexible schedules, intrinsic rewards are

Answer 56

non-economic dimensions

Question 57

procurement of contract labourers for short-term assignments, often aided by technology

Answer 57

Gig economy

Question 58

hybrid system of exchange where consumers interact online and in person to exchange goods at optimal saving and efficiency

Answer 58

sharing economy

Question 59

poses a threat to the existence of many jobs

Answer 59

automation

Question 60

argues that income is a reflection of the amount of educational and training investments undertaken by individuals

Answer 60

human capital theory

Question 61

according to this theory, rising levels of education credentials are needed to perform a variety of jobs that are more complex and demanding

Answer 61

human capital theory

Question 62

refers to the devaluation or declining value of particular degrees and certificates

Answer 62

credential inflation

Question 63

Collings points to surveys where many workers feel ______ (many aspects of work are learned on the job)

Answer 63

overqualified

Question 64

traditional division of labour. Male: Female:

Answer 64

Male: breadwinner Female: homemaker

Question 65

women are in paid workforce but still do more household labour

Answer 65

the second shift

Question 66

women are penalized in wages for having children while men are rewarded

Answer 66

motherhood penalty, fatherhood premium

Question 67

can have a positive impact on integrating work and family

Answer 67

new non-standard work arrangements

Question 68

men in female-dominated careers tend get fast-tracked to promotions (ex: male nurses)

Answer 68

glass escalator

Question 69

an intersectional lens reveals that ____ matters when regarding the glass escalator

Answer 69

race

Question 70

under this system, managers closely monitor worker's actions, pace, and interactions

Answer 70

scientific management

Question 71

focuses on the productive wealth embodied in labour, skill, and knowledge

Answer 71

human capital theory