Chapter 9: Work, Occupations, and the Economy Flashcards
the ______ own the means of production
bourgeoisie
the _____ sell their labour for a wage
proletariats
the physical, intellectual, and social resources that a society uses to produce wealth
means of production
Marx used this term to reference the raw materials needed to make commodities that could be sold on the market
means of production
owners exploit workers by extracting ______ from labour
surplus value
when workers are exploited they are _______ from their product, labour, themselves and others
alienated
Marx’s 4 types of alienation
- alienation from the product of labour
- alienation from the process
- alienation from themselves
- alienation from other workers
Weber saw the quest for _________ as the defining feature of society
rationalization
process of replacing decisions, ideas and actions based on traditions or emotions with practicality, calculations, and reason
rationalization
Bureaucratic organizations are an exemplary from of
rationalization
are defined by a rigid, prescribed, and hierarchical enviro
bureaucratic workplaces
what’s an example of a bureaucratic organization
university
Durkheim described pre-industrial economies as having a _________, while industrial ones have _______
mechanical solidarity
organic solidarity
social cohesion based on shared values and a relatively undifferentiated division of labour
mechanical solidarity
modern working arrangement gave rise to
anomie
describes a sense of normlessness, a condition where there is a breakdown of social values and norms
anomie
new social cohesion where there is a breakdown of social values and norms
organic solidarity
Durkheim was a
structural functionalist
believed that any society depends on presence of necessary institutions, social norms, and the processes that contribute to functioning of the social system
Durkheim
saw potential for new forms of associations to protect workers from abuse
Durkheim
solidarity through likeness, low division of labour, strong collective conscience
mechanical solidarity
solidarity through difference, high division of labour (specialization), weak collective conscience, restitutive law
organic solidarity
explains the structural effects of the capitalist org of labour on workers as they struggle for autonomy and control over their labour and skills
labour process theory
seeks to increase control of labour process by automating skills and dividing workers and production into small, specialized tasks
scientific management
scientific management seeks to increase control of labour process by ________ skills and _______ workers and production into specialized tasks
automating
dividing
Braverman critique of scientific management states that capitalist production alienates workers through
deskilling
where workers gradually lose skills while doing a job
deskilling
workers don’t passively submit to will of managers, they actively participate in process of negotiation, what Burowoy calls
making out
used to describe an occupation that has several specific traits
profession
have attempted to model themselves after established professions to increase their prestige and pay (3)
- occupations
- semi-professions
- para-professions
Andrew Abbott noted that a profession is most vulnerable to having their area poached when (3)
- it loses power to diagnose or treat problems
- knowledge becomes too common
- when status of a profession is tied to its clients
refers to shift in economic focus from manufacturing to knowledge-based work
post-industrial society
one of most significant changes in work during 20th century was a shift from a Canadian economy based on _______ to one based on the ______
manufacturing goods
provision of services
during the post-industrial society there is a rise in Canadians who are
self-employed
when there is a downturn in the economy, the rates of self-employment tend to
rise
the regulation and management of feelings and an emotional performance by workers in the workplace
emotional labour
Hochschild pointed that in capitalist workplaces, human emotions are commodified in interest of
business and profit
loss of control and estrangement from our feelings
emotional labour
the construction of the “ideal” worker is bound up with
race and gender
describes the uneven distribution of social class along lines of ethnicity in 1960s Canada
vertical mosaic
Porter argued that ____ and ____ are bound up with ethnicity
class power
mosaic approach to multiculturalism is similar to the ______ approach in the US where immigrants are expected to assimilate to American culture
melting pot
approaches racial and ethnic segregation in the labour market through a structural lens
split labour market theory
when a member of a workplace minority is forced to represent their entire group
tokenism
“we need a women’s perspective here” is an example of
tokenism
supply-side explanations for inequalities focus on workers… (3)
preferences
actions
characteristics
this perspective assumes that individuals make education and work-related choices free of constraints
supply-side explanations for inequalities
focuses on employer’s preferences, actions and on characteristics of the workplace and labour market that may disadvantage some while advantaging others
demand-side explanation for inequalities
demand-side explanation for inequalities focus on things like (3)
discrimination
stereotyping
biases
lacks stability and fringe benefits, often temporary, part-time or refer to the self-employed or housework
non-standard work
uncertain, low-paying, impermanent, and limited in entitlements and social benefits
precarious work
find themselves having to be flexible instead being afforded flexibility
precarious work
this group has been affected the most by increases in temporary employment
young Canadian men
quality of a job can be measured along these 2 dimensions
- economic dimensions
- non-economic dimensions
wages, benefits, insurance, retirement pensions are
economic dimensions
autonomy, flexible schedules, intrinsic rewards are
non-economic dimensions
procurement of contract labourers for short-term assignments, often aided by technology
Gig economy
hybrid system of exchange where consumers interact online and in person to exchange goods at optimal saving and efficiency
sharing economy
poses a threat to the existence of many jobs
automation
argues that income is a reflection of the amount of educational and training investments undertaken by individuals
human capital theory
according to this theory, rising levels of education credentials are needed to perform a variety of jobs that are more complex and demanding
human capital theory
refers to the devaluation or declining value of particular degrees and certificates
credential inflation
Collings points to surveys where many workers feel ______ (many aspects of work are learned on the job)
overqualified
traditional division of labour. Male: Female:
Male: breadwinner
Female: homemaker
women are in paid workforce but still do more household labour
the second shift
women are penalized in wages for having children while men are rewarded
motherhood penalty, fatherhood premium
can have a positive impact on integrating work and family
new non-standard work arrangements
men in female-dominated careers tend get fast-tracked to promotions (ex: male nurses)
glass escalator
an intersectional lens reveals that ____ matters when regarding the glass escalator
race
under this system, managers closely monitor worker’s actions, pace, and interactions
scientific management
focuses on the productive wealth embodied in labour, skill, and knowledge
human capital theory
