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Soc 111 > Chapter 2: Sociological Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Sociological Theory Flashcards

1
Q

something everyone does all the time

A

theory

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2
Q

using knowledge to act in the world then using practical experience to upgrade knowledge

A

praxis

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3
Q

endless feedback loop between acting and theorizing

A

praxis

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4
Q

sociologists pose which type of questions

A

research questions

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5
Q

research questions are questions that can be answered through collecting and interpreting

A

empirical evidence

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6
Q

how does sociological theory and social theory differ

A

sociological theory is developed by and for the activity of sociological research

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7
Q

sociologists turn to _____ to help formulate questions

A

theory

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8
Q

activity of using concepts to organize the complexity of our experience into simple patterns

A

theory

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9
Q

we do this to understand our lives, to communicate, and make decisions on how to act

A

theory

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10
Q

any idea that represents some group of phenomena

A

concept

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11
Q

when we are born we have no ______ and don’t perceive _______

A
  • concepts

- discrete phenomena or objects

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12
Q

first concept most of us learn is the

A

distinction between ourselves and the rest of the world

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13
Q

an important task that concepts perform is that they establish

A

boundaries

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14
Q

which things are x and which things are not x

A

boundaries

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15
Q

questions or statements about how concepts should be defined

A

conceptual questions

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16
Q

“are there more than just 2 sexes” is an example of what type of question

A

conceptual question

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17
Q

any thing, process, relationship, or quality that we can experience

A

phenomenon

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18
Q

a phenomenon we act towards in some way

A

object

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19
Q

the object of sociological inquiry is

A

social relations

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20
Q

any interaction or relationship between 2 or more individuals

A

social relations

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21
Q

many sociologists assume that __________ have some emergency properties

A

social phenomena

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22
Q

qualities or behaviours in an object that are not found in its constituent parts

A

emergency properties

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23
Q

sociological theorists propose at least some emergence of _______ that motivates social action

A

subjective meanings

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24
Q

the meaning a person attaches in their own mind, to an action or experience of theirs

A

subjective meaning

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25
Q

humans act on the basis of _______ that our actions and the actions of others have for us

A

meaning

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26
Q

the view that all social phenomena should be explained in terms of individual social actions and the subjective meanings that motivate those actions

A

methodological individualism

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27
Q

the view that the actions of all members of society combine to form a system

A

holism

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28
Q

the study of being

A

ontology

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29
Q

different types of emergent properties in a theory determine

A

ontology

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30
Q

ontologies is one half ______ and the other _________

A

metatheory

epistemology

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31
Q

sociological theories have different

A

ontologies

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32
Q

by saying sociological theories have different ontologies, we are saying that different kinds of ________ within the terms of theory

A

objects do or don’t exist

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33
Q

what counts as valid or true knowledge

A

epistomology

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34
Q

sees social reality as comprising objective facts and views and the research is value-free

A

positivism

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35
Q

seeks an objective scientific understanding of the social world, and seek universal laws

A

epistomology

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36
Q

3 positivist processes

A

empiricism
objectivity
fact-value distinction

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37
Q

the view that all valid knowledge must be based on empirical observations

A

empiricism

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38
Q

knowledge that any rational, informed, and honest observer will agree is valid

A

objectivity

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39
Q

the claim that moral or ethical values are subjective and cant be proven factually true or false

A

fact-value distinction

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40
Q

neglects the ways in which life is subjectively meaningful

A

positivism

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41
Q

seeks intersubjectively shared meaning

A

interpretivism

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42
Q

seeks to enable all humans to understand each other’s experiences, perceptions, and motivations

A

interpretivism

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43
Q

3 interpretivism processes

A

hermeneutics
subjectivity
intersubjective validity

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44
Q

the theory and methodology of the interpretation of subjective meanings

A

hermeneutics

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45
Q

to understand the subjective experiences of others, we need to experience them ourselves

A

subjectivity

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46
Q

validity based on mutually shared and accepted subjective meanings

A

intersubjective validity

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47
Q

seeks the transformation of social relations toward greater human freedom and equality

A

critical theories

48
Q

3 critical theory processes

A

perspectivism
universalism
praxis

49
Q

that there more than 1 plausible conceptual schemes for making sense of the world

A

perspectivism

50
Q

that perception, experience, and reason, change according to the viewer’s relative perspective and interpretation

A

perspectivism

51
Q

combines the goal of constructing knowledge valid for all humans while changing society to achieve social justice for all humans

A

universalism

52
Q

a broad viewpoint, or perspective that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society

A

paradigm

53
Q
  1. the study of being

2. the study of knowledge

A

ontology

epistomology

54
Q

society is a ______, _________ system of __________ parts

A
  • bounded
  • integrated
  • functionally interdependent
55
Q

Herbert Spencer and Emilie Durkheim are

A

pro-functionalists

56
Q

results from the specialization of work, or division of labour

A

functional interdependence

57
Q

started with the work of Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton

A

Functionalism

58
Q

Parsons theorized that human action is organized into 3 action systems:

A

personality
cultural
social

59
Q

functionalism assumes a

A

holistic ontology

60
Q

the 3 actors innovate to (2)

A

reduce strain

become integrated

61
Q

explains social order as being the product of conflict among social actors

A

analytic conflict theory

62
Q

draws from the work of Max Weber

A

analytic conflict theory

63
Q

the social world is made up of individuals, their actions, and their subjective meanings that inform action

A

methodological individualism

64
Q

aims to describe power struggles without taking sides or making ethical judgement

A

classic analytic conflict theory

65
Q

the self is a social structure

A

symbolic interactionism

66
Q

a formation of social practices organized into a relatively stable pattern

A

social structure

67
Q

anything that can stand for or represent something else

A

symbol

68
Q

symbol interactionism leans towards ____________ and can be positivist or ___________

A
  • methodological individualism

- interpretivist

69
Q

are a type of emergent social phenomena

A

symbols

70
Q

they look at what kinds of social practices make us feel that certain objects are real and others not

A

phenomenologists

71
Q

2 main approaches within phenomenology:

A
  • social constructionism

- ethnomethodology

72
Q

analyzes the process by which the objective facts of social life acquire their objectivity

A

social constructionism

73
Q

when a way of acting becomes established and has consequences, becoming a part of the external reality that individuals encounter in their lives

A

externalization

74
Q

discharging untreated toxic waste into a river where ppl wash and fish is an example of

A

externalization

75
Q

where ppl come to experience particular ways of acting as having their own reality separate from any individual actor

A

objectivation

76
Q

acceptance of a set of norms or values through socialization

A

internalization

77
Q

looks at everyday practices through which the social construction of reality is maintained and sometimes challenged

A

ethnomethodology

78
Q

Ethnomethodologists pay special attention to

A

background expectancies

79
Q

the taken-for-granted assumptions we make about how the world works

A

background expectancies

80
Q

is a theory of the middle range (combines interpretive and structural analysis)

A

phenemonology

81
Q

helps us to adapt to changing realities and to accept that more than 1 reality can exist within society

A

phenomenelogy

82
Q

originate from social struggles in civil society

A

critical theories

83
Q

there are as many ________ as there are issues that ppl struggle over

A

critical theories

84
Q

7 examples of critical paradigms

A

Marxism, feminism, queer theory, crip theory, postcolonial theory, anti-racism, Indigenism

85
Q

the ways the dominant group produces a worldview that makes its dominance seem natural or normal

A

cultural hegemony

86
Q

shows how taken-for-granted ideas about social reality are produced by, and serve the interest of dominant groups

A

counter-hegemony

87
Q

draws on the struggle for the social inclusion of persons with disabilities

A

crip theory

88
Q

is unnecessary, pernicious, and can be abolished through collective action

A

social subordination of women

89
Q

3 types of feminisms

A

liberal, radical, socialist

90
Q

refers to how multiple forms of inequality (gender, race, class) overlap to produce different experiences

A

matrix of oppression

91
Q

enables ppl with different experiences of oppression to understand each other and work for social change

A

intersectional analysis

92
Q

proposes that the foundation of every society are material social relations through which ppl produce the means of their existence

A

Marxism

93
Q

in Marxism, class is defined through the relationship to the

A

means of production

94
Q

the physical, intellectual, and social resources that a society uses to produce wealth

A

means of production

95
Q

small class where they own the means of production (factories, raw materials)

A

capitalist class

96
Q

most ppl have to sell their _______ in exchange for wage

A

labour power

97
Q

ppl that sell their labour power are in this class

A 
the proletariat
(working class)
98
Q

this class exploit workers by paying them less than the value they produce

A

bourgeoisie

99
Q

Marxism tends towards

A

holism (structural analysis)

100
Q

the structure of capitalist society produces

A

alienation

101
Q

separation of workers from ownership of commodities they produce, separation of control, intrinsic motivations and from other humans

A

alienation

102
Q

proposes that everything in society is part of a single emergent system (capitalisms)

A

Marxism

103
Q

examines how the production of knowledge is intertwined with the exercise of power in ways that shape individual human subjectivity

A

postsructuralism

104
Q

poststructuralism investigates the production of _______ through _______ relations

A

discourse

power-knowledge

105
Q

aims to produce social change by questioning taken-for-granted realities (ex: prison abolition, crip theory)

A

poststructuralism

106
Q

these 2 things have kept indigenous ppl out of academic sociology

A
  • racial discriminations

- economic barriers

107
Q

Canada needs to recognize Indigenous ppls as nations and recognize their right to

A

self-determination

108
Q

ability to decide their own conditions or life and pursue their own futures

A

self-determination

109
Q

sociology tends to be _______, as it is shaped by its institutional bases in universities in Europe

A

Eurocentric

110
Q

process of treating European worldviews as if they are universal

A

Eurocentrism

111
Q

3 aspects of European worldviews that are falsely treated as universal

A
  1. society-individual duality
  2. society-nature duality
  3. modern-primitive duality
112
Q

assumption that society and individuals are separate things that exist apart from one another

A

society-individual duality

113
Q

assumption that society and nature constitute 2 different orders of reality distinct from one another

A

society-nature duality

114
Q

assumption that human cultures evolve in linear direction, so that primitive cultures are less developed versions of more advanced/ modern cultures

A

modern-primitive duality

115
Q

today, modern-primitive duality is perpetuated through

A

silencing Indigenous thoughts

Soc 111 (10 decks)

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