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Soc 111 > Chapter 7: Social Inequalities > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Social Inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

is familiar but not ineviatble

A

social inequality

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2
Q

2 types of actions that can be taken to reduce the gap between rich and poor

A
  1. gov action

2. civic action

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3
Q

this country has taken government action and created progressive taxation policies

A

Denmark

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4
Q

what is an example of a civic action taken

A

Take a knee protest

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5
Q

any difference among individuals that have consequential effects for their rights and opportunities, and privileges and rewards

A

social inequality

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6
Q

the attributes, roles, identities, statuses that are used to differentiate and divide ppl

A

social differentiation

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7
Q

an institutionalized system of inequality that allocated individuals and groups according to various hierarchies

A

social stratification

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8
Q

examples of social stratification hierarchies (3)

A

status
power
prestige

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9
Q

contains “layers” of individuals who differ in opportunities, freedoms, beliefs, and backgrounds

A

stratified social system

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10
Q

systems of stratification can be

A

open or closed

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11
Q

there are opportunities for upward or downward mobility in this system

A

open system

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12
Q

even in an open system, NOT all positions reflect

A

merit or achievement

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13
Q

based primarily on earned accomplishments

A

achieved status

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14
Q

open system =

A

achieved status

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15
Q

closed system =

A

ascribed status

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16
Q

leading to little or no opportunities for mobility or to advance your position

A

closed system

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17
Q

kind of status one is born into

A

closed system

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18
Q

usually assigned at birth and is connected to characteristics like ethnic, racial background, gender, etc.

A

ascribed status

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19
Q

an extreme system of inequality where ppl inherit their position and experience little mobility

A

caste system

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20
Q

the caste boundaries are reinforced by

A

endogamy (marriage within a similar group)

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21
Q

refers to one’s economic position, measured by occupation and education

A

social class

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22
Q

most upper-class ppl in Canada have ______ their wealth

A

inherited

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23
Q

this group is demographically homogenous white Anglo-Saxon protestant men

A

upper-class

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24
Q

what are the 4 social classes

A 
upper-class
middle-class
working-class
underclass
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25
Q

this class is more ethically diverse

A

middle-class

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26
Q

defined as families who earn between $35,000-$100,000 annually

A

middle-class

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27
Q

2 subgroupings of middle-class

A
  • upper-middle class

- lower-middle class

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28
Q

made up of salaried professional, technical, and managerial workers with marketable credentials

A

upper-middle-class

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29
Q

made up of middle or lower management or highly skilled blue-collar workers

A

lower-middle class

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30
Q

workers in admin, sales jobs, and blue-collar jobs are

A

medium skilled

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31
Q

low wage-jobs in personal, food services, and security services industries are

A

low skilled

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32
Q

involves skilled and unskilled work

A

working class

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33
Q

technical workers like carpenters and electricians are

A

skilled workers

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34
Q

plumbers, clerical workers, sales associates, cooks and servers are

A

low skilled workers

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35
Q

the lowest economic class of unemployed and underemployed workers

A

underclass

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36
Q

lacks marketable skills and vulnerable to economic exploitation

A

underclass

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37
Q

power derived from prestige or social honour

A

status group

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38
Q

ability to get others to do what you want them to do

A

power

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39
Q

a mismatch between one’s position in 1 hierarchy vs. another

A

status inconsistency

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40
Q

ppl with doctoral degrees who work as a taxi driver is an example of

A

status inconsistency

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41
Q

refers to the relationship between a person’s ranking and a set of social hierarchies

A

status consistency

42
Q

is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly in a country

A

income inequality

43
Q

a way to measure how equitably a pops income is distributed by dividing the pop into 5ths

A

income quintile

44
Q

nationally, income inequality in Canada has _____ overtime

A

increased

45
Q

the Gini coefficient is the most common measure of _______, with 0 representing total equality

A

income inequality

46
Q

the Gini coefficient is measured on a scale from

A

0 to 1

47
Q

Gini coefficient of 0 =

A

perfect equality

48
Q

Gini coefficient of 1 =

A

total inequality

49
Q

looks at the distribution of the value of assets minus the debts of individuals and families

A

wealth inequality

50
Q

wealth can be transferred intergenerationally , reproducing _______

A

class inequality

51
Q

the greatest disparities in society are not found in distribution of income, but in the

A

distribution of wealth

52
Q

a multifaceted phenomenon that refers to a condition of extremely poor

A

poverty

53
Q

when household income is below a level that makes it hard for the ind or family to meet the basic needs of life

A

absolute poverty

54
Q

when a person lacks access to all or many of the goods needed for living

A

extreme poverty

55
Q

poverty in relation to the economic status of other members of society

A

relative poverty

56
Q

cant afford anything above the basics (may lack tv, internet, clean clothes)

A

relative poverty

57
Q

can be a permanent situation where some ppl have no chance of enjoying same standards of living as others in same society

A

relative poverty

58
Q

2 groups at a higher risk of being in poverty:

A
  • seniors

- single-parent families

59
Q

refers to the male-female gap in poverty, as measured by income

A

the feminization of poverty

60
Q

2 additional groups that face higher levels of poverty

A
  • women

- racialized individuals

61
Q

even though immigrants are often more highly educated, they are more likely than Candian-borns to have

A

low incomes

62
Q

has left Indigenous ppl among the poorest in Canada

A

colonization

63
Q

there is no word for _____ in the Indigenous language

A

poverty

64
Q

refers to the movement up or down the system of stratification over time

A

social mobility

65
Q

movement up or down a certain hierarchy, depending on whether status is enhanced or lost

A

vertical mobility

66
Q

movement from a lower class to middle class is an example of

A

vertical mobility

67
Q

a flight attendant losing her job to work as an hourly wage retail employee is an example of

A

vertical mobility

68
Q

a change in position within the same rank

A

horizontal mobility

69
Q

a nurse leaving her job to another hospital to work as a nurse is an example of

A

horizontal mobility

70
Q

the difference between the parent’s social class position and the achieved position of their children

A

intergenerational mobility

71
Q

children who have risen higher in the stratification system than their parents, have experienced

A

upward intergenerational mobility

72
Q

upward or downward mobility within a lifetime

A

intragenerational mobility

73
Q

starting adult life as a cashier and pursuing education and becoming an accountant is example of

A

intragenerational mobility

74
Q

movement up or down the ladder bcuz of changes in the structure of society

A

structural mobility

75
Q

agriculture used to be common job in Canada, but due to restructuring of farming production, ag work has declined

A

structural mobility

76
Q

these 3 things have allowed ppl to improve their social status and find higher-level jobs

A
  1. industrialization
  2. increase in education
  3. postindustrial computerization
77
Q

poor countries are dysfunctional bcuz they lack Western economic values (technology, capitalism)

A

modernization theory

78
Q

nations that lack a stable ______ form of gov also don’t have a shared mentality that values education, hard work, dedication

A

democratic

79
Q

views the Western structure of gov, work ethic, attitudes, and productivity of rich countries as the solution for poverty in poor countries

A

modernization theory

80
Q

primarily focuses on internal characteristics of poor countries rather than on external influences (political, economic, cultural)

A

modernization theory

81
Q

idea that valuable resources flow from a periphery of poor countries to a core group of wealthy and powerful countries

A

dependency theory

82
Q

according to dependency theory, ________ are the true source of impending the development of a stable gov, economy in poor countries

A

external influences

83
Q

these policies continue this relationship of dependency between poor and rich regions

A

structural adjustment policies

84
Q

offer financial assistance in the forms of loans to struggling countries

A

structural adjustment programs

85
Q

have created more poverty in developing countries

A

structural adjustments

86
Q

the World systems theory divides the world into: (3)

A

core
periphery
semi-periphery

87
Q

are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry

A

peripheral countries

88
Q

made up of former colonies that act as major sources of raw materials and cheap labour

A

peripheral countries

89
Q

their unequal status sinks ______ into poverty and makes them dependent on _________ for invsetment

A

peripheral countries

core countries

90
Q

dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries for labour and raw materials

A

core countries

91
Q

command the most power, pay lowest price for raw materials and extract land’s valuable resources

A

core contries

92
Q

have developed past peripheral levels but not acquired same level of development or power as core countries

A

semi-peripheral countries

93
Q

act as intermediaries or buffer zones in the political, economic, and social activities going on between periphery and core

A

semi-periphery

94
Q

majority of countries that are falling behind and that are ranked at the bottom of the global inequality system

A

the bottom billion

95
Q

are caught in a complex series of traps: civil unrest, high mortality, low life expectancy

A

the bottom billion

96
Q

competitive situation where a poor country tries to undercut its competitor’s prices by compromising and damaging its own standards and values

A

race to the bottom

97
Q

the gap in access to technological resources between the developed and developing countries of the world

A

global digital divide

98
Q

mechanism of giving back to society but also as an evolution growing into a long-term community sustainable development plan

A

corporate social responsibility (CSR)

99
Q

sociologists play critical role in advancing issues of inequality by: (2)

A
  • offering evidence based alternatives

- monitoring gov commitments to reducing inequality

100
Q

Lebron James experienced ______. coming from poverty to being one of the highest paid athletes in the world

A

vertical upward mobility

Soc 111 (10 decks)

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