Chapter 7: Social Inequalities Flashcards
1
Q
is familiar but not ineviatble
A
social inequality
2
Q
2 types of actions that can be taken to reduce the gap between rich and poor
A
- gov action
2. civic action
3
Q
this country has taken government action and created progressive taxation policies
A
Denmark
4
Q
what is an example of a civic action taken
A
Take a knee protest
5
Q
any difference among individuals that have consequential effects for their rights and opportunities, and privileges and rewards
A
social inequality
6
Q
the attributes, roles, identities, statuses that are used to differentiate and divide ppl
A
social differentiation
7
Q
an institutionalized system of inequality that allocated individuals and groups according to various hierarchies
A
social stratification
8
Q
examples of social stratification hierarchies (3)
A
status
power
prestige
9
Q
contains “layers” of individuals who differ in opportunities, freedoms, beliefs, and backgrounds
A
stratified social system
10
Q
systems of stratification can be
A
open or closed
11
Q
there are opportunities for upward or downward mobility in this system
A
open system
12
Q
even in an open system, NOT all positions reflect
A
merit or achievement
13
Q
based primarily on earned accomplishments
A
achieved status
14
Q
open system =
A
achieved status
15
Q
closed system =
A
ascribed status
16
Q
leading to little or no opportunities for mobility or to advance your position
A
closed system
17
Q
kind of status one is born into
A
closed system
18
Q
usually assigned at birth and is connected to characteristics like ethnic, racial background, gender, etc.
A
ascribed status
19
Q
an extreme system of inequality where ppl inherit their position and experience little mobility
A
caste system
20
Q
the caste boundaries are reinforced by
A
endogamy (marriage within a similar group)
21
Q
refers to one’s economic position, measured by occupation and education
A
social class
22
Q
most upper-class ppl in Canada have ______ their wealth
A
inherited
23
Q
this group is demographically homogenous white Anglo-Saxon protestant men
A
upper-class
24
Q
what are the 4 social classes
A
upper-class middle-class working-class underclass
25
this class is more ethically diverse
middle-class
26
defined as families who earn between $35,000-$100,000 annually
middle-class
27
2 subgroupings of middle-class
- upper-middle class
| - lower-middle class
28
made up of salaried professional, technical, and managerial workers with marketable credentials
upper-middle-class
29
made up of middle or lower management or highly skilled blue-collar workers
lower-middle class
30
workers in admin, sales jobs, and blue-collar jobs are
medium skilled
31
low wage-jobs in personal, food services, and security services industries are
low skilled
32
involves skilled and unskilled work
working class
33
technical workers like carpenters and electricians are
skilled workers
34
plumbers, clerical workers, sales associates, cooks and servers are
low skilled workers
35
the lowest economic class of unemployed and underemployed workers
underclass
36
lacks marketable skills and vulnerable to economic exploitation
underclass
37
power derived from prestige or social honour
status group
38
ability to get others to do what you want them to do
power
39
a mismatch between one's position in 1 hierarchy vs. another
status inconsistency
40
ppl with doctoral degrees who work as a taxi driver is an example of
status inconsistency
41
refers to the relationship between a person's ranking and a set of social hierarchies
status consistency
42
is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly in a country
income inequality
43
a way to measure how equitably a pops income is distributed by dividing the pop into 5ths
income quintile
44
nationally, income inequality in Canada has _____ overtime
increased
45
the Gini coefficient is the most common measure of _______, with 0 representing total equality
income inequality
46
the Gini coefficient is measured on a scale from
0 to 1
47
Gini coefficient of 0 =
perfect equality
48
Gini coefficient of 1 =
total inequality
49
looks at the distribution of the value of assets minus the debts of individuals and families
wealth inequality
50
wealth can be transferred intergenerationally , reproducing _______
class inequality
51
the greatest disparities in society are not found in distribution of income, but in the
distribution of wealth
52
a multifaceted phenomenon that refers to a condition of extremely poor
poverty
53
when household income is below a level that makes it hard for the ind or family to meet the basic needs of life
absolute poverty
54
when a person lacks access to all or many of the goods needed for living
extreme poverty
55
poverty in relation to the economic status of other members of society
relative poverty
56
cant afford anything above the basics (may lack tv, internet, clean clothes)
relative poverty
57
can be a permanent situation where some ppl have no chance of enjoying same standards of living as others in same society
relative poverty
58
2 groups at a higher risk of being in poverty:
- seniors
| - single-parent families
59
refers to the male-female gap in poverty, as measured by income
the feminization of poverty
60
2 additional groups that face higher levels of poverty
- women
| - racialized individuals
61
even though immigrants are often more highly educated, they are more likely than Candian-borns to have
low incomes
62
has left Indigenous ppl among the poorest in Canada
colonization
63
there is no word for _____ in the Indigenous language
poverty
64
refers to the movement up or down the system of stratification over time
social mobility
65
movement up or down a certain hierarchy, depending on whether status is enhanced or lost
vertical mobility
66
movement from a lower class to middle class is an example of
vertical mobility
67
a flight attendant losing her job to work as an hourly wage retail employee is an example of
vertical mobility
68
a change in position within the same rank
horizontal mobility
69
a nurse leaving her job to another hospital to work as a nurse is an example of
horizontal mobility
70
the difference between the parent's social class position and the achieved position of their children
intergenerational mobility
71
children who have risen higher in the stratification system than their parents, have experienced
upward intergenerational mobility
72
upward or downward mobility within a lifetime
intragenerational mobility
73
starting adult life as a cashier and pursuing education and becoming an accountant is example of
intragenerational mobility
74
movement up or down the ladder bcuz of changes in the structure of society
structural mobility
75
agriculture used to be common job in Canada, but due to restructuring of farming production, ag work has declined
structural mobility
76
these 3 things have allowed ppl to improve their social status and find higher-level jobs
1. industrialization
2. increase in education
3. postindustrial computerization
77
poor countries are dysfunctional bcuz they lack Western economic values (technology, capitalism)
modernization theory
78
nations that lack a stable ______ form of gov also don't have a shared mentality that values education, hard work, dedication
democratic
79
views the Western structure of gov, work ethic, attitudes, and productivity of rich countries as the solution for poverty in poor countries
modernization theory
80
primarily focuses on internal characteristics of poor countries rather than on external influences (political, economic, cultural)
modernization theory
81
idea that valuable resources flow from a periphery of poor countries to a core group of wealthy and powerful countries
dependency theory
82
according to dependency theory, ________ are the true source of impending the development of a stable gov, economy in poor countries
external influences
83
these policies continue this relationship of dependency between poor and rich regions
structural adjustment policies
84
offer financial assistance in the forms of loans to struggling countries
structural adjustment programs
85
have created more poverty in developing countries
structural adjustments
86
the World systems theory divides the world into: (3)
core
periphery
semi-periphery
87
are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry
peripheral countries
88
made up of former colonies that act as major sources of raw materials and cheap labour
peripheral countries
89
their unequal status sinks ______ into poverty and makes them dependent on _________ for invsetment
peripheral countries
| core countries
90
dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries for labour and raw materials
core countries
91
command the most power, pay lowest price for raw materials and extract land's valuable resources
core contries
92
have developed past peripheral levels but not acquired same level of development or power as core countries
semi-peripheral countries
93
act as intermediaries or buffer zones in the political, economic, and social activities going on between periphery and core
semi-periphery
94
majority of countries that are falling behind and that are ranked at the bottom of the global inequality system
the bottom billion
95
are caught in a complex series of traps: civil unrest, high mortality, low life expectancy
the bottom billion
96
competitive situation where a poor country tries to undercut its competitor's prices by compromising and damaging its own standards and values
race to the bottom
97
the gap in access to technological resources between the developed and developing countries of the world
global digital divide
98
mechanism of giving back to society but also as an evolution growing into a long-term community sustainable development plan
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
99
sociologists play critical role in advancing issues of inequality by: (2)
- offering evidence based alternatives
| - monitoring gov commitments to reducing inequality
100
Lebron James experienced ______. coming from poverty to being one of the highest paid athletes in the world
vertical upward mobility
