Chapter 3: Putting ideas into Practice: Methods, Methodologies, and Ethics Flashcards
sociologists research toolkit can include _________ for doing research or __________
hard/tangible skills
soft/intangible skills
is diverse in its methods of collecting, organizing, and making sense of info
sociology
systematic techniques for collecting and making sense of info about the social world
methods
are broader lenses and research strategies that provide rationale for how data collection and analysis should be done
methodologies
involves theoretical justification for which methods might be appropriate for a given research
methodologies
clear and focused questions that a research project intends to answer
research questions
research questions can only be answered by collecting and interpreting
empirical evidence
tensions or oppositions between 2 differing views or approaches
dialects
sociology has ______, that represent diverging ways of doing research
dialects
sole aim is to generate new knowledge and often plays role in creating and testing theory
pure research
is not done with a practical application in mind, but results can be applied later
pure research
intended to address social issues or problems
applied research
if similarity between the description of ______ and the discussion of ________, you are on to something
applied research
policy sociology
moving from observation to theory
inductive research
takes an inductive approach by building theories thru the collection and analysis of data
ground theory
moving from theory to observation
deductive research
when in-depth info is collected from each unit in the sample, ____ can happen from a small number of units
saturation
the point where increasing sample size doesn’t yield any new info (in qualitative research)
saturation
intuition, memory, faith, reason, common sense, and our culture/social norms are examples of
ways of knowing
starts with a hypothesis, then experiement
scientific method
must be falsifiable
hypothesis
sociological methods allow us to find ______ that contribute to patterns, but rarely enable us to find ______
influences
causes
if little is known about a topic, the research is
exploratory
often inductive, pure research
exploratory research
involves looking with am open mind at data to see what’s there and if any patterns can be found
exploratory research
when research is aimed to offer detail about an aspect of social life, but NOT a cause
descriptive research
focuses on offering detailed and precise depictions of data
descriptive research
research that looks at causes
explanatory research
we make research precise by specifying ______ and then _______ them
variables
operationalizing
process of defining a variable so that it is measurable
operationalization
since social life is complex, sociologists tend to develop simplified
concepts
a set of theories, methods, concepts, and ways of thinking that are founded on indigenous ways of knowing
Indigenous knowledge (IK) paradigms
IK states that empirical facts or objects are not as important as
ppls relationships with them
western approaches cant be simply combined with IK, they have to seek
intersections
both call for a commitment to social justice
IK and critical sociology
IK stresses that researchers don’t own _______ and that it has a ______
knowledge
spirit
focuses on local knowledge, story, and emotional and spiritual dimensions of social experience
Indigenous approaches
research can be thought as
ceremony
within IK paradigms, not only are the spiritual dimensions of social experience valid part of research, but research itself is
ceremony
welcoming IK in sociological research offers chance for
reconciliation and decolonization
qualitative research can be (3)
exploratory
descriptive
explanatory
qualitative research always seeks to understand social phenomenon in
depth (thick description)
an approach to qualitative research that situates social behaviour within a detailed explanation of its social context
thick description
approach where the researcher strives to understand social life from the standpoint of the research subject
Verstehen
ability to put oneself in shoes of others to promote empathy
Verstehen
might involve studying pre-existing artifacts (social media posts, magazines, etc)
Qualitative research
4 common qualitative methods
- interviews
- focus groups
- ethnography and participant observation
- content analysis
method of studying social life by analyzing existing textual or visual material
content analysis
researcher’s job is to facilitate the sharing and interpretation of data in story form to acknowledge it as worthy data
story catcher
valuing the emotional and spiritual aspects of stories and letting participants tell their own stoires
story catcher
indigenous method of collecting qualitative data including the relatively unstructured exploration of ideas in small groups
talking circle
qualitative data collecting method that involves sharing stories to explore ideas
talking circle
involved disrespectful relationships that don’t acknowledge their ownership of their knowledge
break-and-enter methods
there has been mistrust between indigenous ppl and researchers because of a
top-down approach
in most African cultures, the foremost type of education was
informal
where children learn from their parents and elders in the community
informal education
informal learning is mainly by (2)
observation
oral narratives
it gathers info within a local context and standardizes it
quantitative research
enable a broad look at social relations on a more macro scale
quantitative research
quantitative research tends strongly towards __________, guided by hypotheses
deductive approaches
4 quantitative methods include
- controlled experiments
- surveys
- analysis of existing research
- content analysis (coding?)
studies with more than 1 type of data analysis method, or studies with data from more than 1 source
mixed methods
often strengthens research by offering a fuller picture of a social issue
mixed method approach
combining quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data is an example of
mixed methods approach
technique where researchers can gain great confidence in accuracy of results by using different methods to answer research questions
triangulation
these 2 things are a key aspect of research ethics
informed consent
voluntary participation
a set of standards for research with First Nations
OCAP
what does OCAP stand for
Ownership
Control
Access
Possession
Who is the Father of Functionalism
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
Alfred Reginald R-B’s theory had its classic formulation and application in the
Social Organization of Australian Tribes
involves collaboration between participants and researchers across all stages of the research process
Participatory action research (PAR)
PAR can be done with both
qualitative and quantitative methods
can cost more time and money, but often pay off in improved community empowerment and well-being
Participant action research (PAR)
