Chapter 9 Test: 4/10 Flashcards
list the 3 main states before Italian Unification
- Piedmont Sardenia
- Papal States
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Who ruled Piedmont Sardenia?
the house of Savoy
What was the most industrial part of Italy?
Piedmont Savoy
Who ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies?
the Bourbon Dynasty
By uniting, Italy is trying to avoid the interference of what other countries?
France and Austria
What is “Italian Resurgemento”?
resurgence and unification in Italy
Who was Giusseppe Giribaldi?
leader of the Thousand Red Shirts, a unification movement
Who were the rulers of Sardenia?
King Emmanuel II
Prime Minister Cavour
What does Cavour do to improve Sardenia?
sets up constitutional monarchy
a major architect for the new government
How does Louis Napoleon try to get out of the Austro-Sardenian War?
he arranges a secret meeting with Austrian ruler Franz Joseph at Villa of Frauca
Where do the Prussians mobilize troops during the Austro-Sardenian War?
the Rhine River
What treaty ends the Austro-Sardenian War?
Treaty of Zurich
What are the conditions of the Treaty of Zurich?
- Lombardy goes to Sardenia
2. Venetia Stays with Austria
Who leads the Rebellion in Sicily?
Garibaldi and thousands of citizens overthrow the government
What is Cavour’s fear?
Garibaldi is trying to get Rome, but he fails
What kind of regional differences plague Italy?
South: Agriculture
North: Industry
How do the Catholics feel about unification in Italy?
the pope condemned it and the Catholics are suspicious since the pope lost land with the formation of the new country
What does “Italica Irredenta” mean?
unredeemed Italy
describes territories that should be included, but aren’t
list the 5 main German states before unification
- Austria
- Prussia
- Hanover
- Saxony
- Bavaria
What was the German Bund?
a union of 38 states which met in Frankfurt to govern
Who controls the German Bund?
Austria, which the Prussians resent
What was the Zollverien?
an attempt by Prussia to remove internal tariffs in Germany, excluding Austria
list the two types of German unification ideas
- Large Germany: include Austria
2. Small Germany: exclude Austria
What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
an attempt to create a Federal Empire, but fails because Prussian King Frederick rejects the offer to rule
Who is unification finally established under?
Prussian leadership
Who rules under German unification?
King Wilhelm I
Chancellor Bismarck
What is Real Politik?
the idea that perfect utopian society isn’t achievable and therefore should be disregarded and government should instead act in it’s own best interest
Who develops and practices Real Politik?
Chancellor Bismarck
What was the Schleswig-Holstein Question?
Hanover and Saxony (German states) send troops to Denmark to fight over the territory
What settled the Scheswig-Holstein battle?
the Treaty of Vienna which gives Prussia and Austria the territory
What treaty ends the Austro-Prussian War?
Treaty of Prague
What were the conditions of the Treaty of Prague?
- German Bund is destroyed
2. Northern German Confederation is formed (an alliance between Northern states and Prussia)
What started the Franco-Prussian War?
Bismarck edits some telegraphs and such to make the French angry after the 2nd Ems Meeting
Who do the French ask to rule Spain, to which the Prussians object?
Leopold of Hoenzallen
What was the most important battle of the Franco-Prussian War and why?
Battle of Sedan
Louis Napoleon is captured
Where is German Unification made official?
Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
What treaty ends the Franco-Prussian War?
the Treaty of Frankfurt
What were the conditions of the Treaty of Frankfurt?
- France must pay indemnity of $5 billion
2. Alsace Loraine is given to Germany
Who rules the German empire?
Kaiser Willhelm I
Chief Minister Bismarck
What is Germany’s reputation as a result of unification?
Germany is most feared nation in Europe due to wealth and military power
What was Bismarck’s goal for German foreign policy?
isolate France
What countries made up the First Three Emperors League?
- Germany
- Russia
- Austria-Hungary
What countries made up the Triple Alliance?
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Italy
Who is made president of France’s Third Republic after Louis Napoleon is captured?
Adolphe Theirs, who negotiates peace with Germany
After the treaty between Germany and France, what happens?
the Commune (revolutionary radical government) is crushed
What was the Panama Canal Scandal?
some government regulators take bribes, even though the canal workers have a high death rate and engineering difficulties
What was the Boulanger Affair?
Georges Balanger (Minister of War) is charged with safety against the state after an attempt to take down the republic and flees to Belgium where he committs suicide
What is the Dreyfus Affair?
Alford Dryfus (a Jew) is charged with espionage and sent to jail to die, but later Picquart discovers that Esterhazy is actually the spy and leaks it to a member of the press, Zolah, so Dryfus is freed and Esterhazy flees
What territory does France gain during this time period?
Indo-China (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia)
Who is the colonial rival of France?
Great Britain
What is Austria-Hungary’s nickname?
the Dual Monarchy
Who is the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary?
Franz Joseph
What created the Austria-Hungary Empire?
The Compromise of 1867
Who was Deak Ferenec?
“Wise Man of the Nation” who was in favor of the empire
What are some examples of things jointly operated in the empire?
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of War
- Ministry of Finance
- Same Monarch, Separate Parliaments
What is the largest minority in the A-H empire?
Slavs
What did the Jewish Emancipation Act of 1868 do?
grants Jews equality before the law
What was Alexander II’s main focus at tsar of Russia?
reform
What were Zemstvos?
local councils composed of nobility set up to govern things like schools and medical care
leaders of the reformation in Russia
What was the Emancipation Act of 1861?
it ended serfdom in Russia
What group came out of the Nihilist Movement in Russia?
The People’s Will
this group eventually assassinates the tsar
Who is the Minister of the Interior and what does he do?
Mikhail Loris-Meikov
he promotes reform within the police force
What kind of governmental change does Alexander II promote?
he wants a constitution, but this dissolves when he is assassinated
Who was the Prime Minister who lead the liberals?
William Gladstone
Who was the Prime Minister who lead the conservatives?
Benjamin Disraeli
What were the big issues in England at the time?
- Ireland
2. suffrage reform
Describe a typical Liberal (Whig)
large land owners involved in trade/commerce laissez-faire civil rights extend suffrage
Describe a typical Conservative (Tory)
military officers landed gentry (people who want titles) most middle class people
What is Ireland trying to do?
disestablish the church of Ireland, and succeeds when Queen Victoria intervenes
What does the Irish Land Act do?
- provides protection over rent increases
2. provides compensation for improvements
What was the Education Act of 1870?
creates public elementary schools
Who leads military reform in England?
Edward Cardwell
How does Cardwell reform the military?
- expands reserves
- shortens enlistment term
- ends practice of purchasing commissions
What was the Trade Union Act of 1875?
allows unions more freedom in strikes
What was the Artisans Dwelling Act?
gave government authority to condemn slums and knock them down
What was the Food and Drug Act?
regulated anything sold OTC
What was the Public Health Act?
establishes codes for sanitation
What was the Factory and Workshop Act?
establishes industrial codes and regulations
What two key things happen under Disraeli’s leadership?
- Suez Canal is constructed
2. Victoria is made Empress of India
What key event happens under Gladstone and causes the Liberals to lose power?
Mahdi leads a revolt against the British Garrison in Sudan and the British soldiers are killed
Who leads the British in Sudan?
General Charles “Chinese” Gordon
What issue causes the Liberal party to finally split?
Irish are given their own parliament
