Chapter 1 Test: 8/26 Flashcards
Structure of Catholic Church
Presbyters- priests of local villages
Bishop- over a diocese (a cluster of churches)
Archbishop- in charge of several diocese
Patriarch- in charge of several Archbishops
5 Patriarchal Cities of the Time
Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch
7 Sacrements
- baptism
- confirmation (become adult church member)
- penance (confession to priest)
- Holy Eucharist (communion)
- Extreme Unction (last rights)
- matrimony (only Catholics marry eachother)
- Holy Orders (priests, nuns, monks)
Capital of HRE
Aix-La-Chapelle
Clovis
First German King to become Catholic
Charles Martel
wins battle of Tours which stops the Muslims from entering into Europe
Pepin the Short
makes a deal with the Pope where he will give him land if the Pope supports him as king
Charlemagne
becomes king after a deal with the Pope; now Pope’s will claim they have power to choose the king
Petrine Theory
Peter was head of the church on Earth as Jesus’ successor, the Pope is Peter’s successor, therefore the Pope has the power of Jesus on Earth
Donation of Constantine
Emperor of Constantine endowed the Bishop of Rome as governor of the city. Later to be found as forgery.
Asceticism
denial to one’s self of lawful pleasure or the infliction upon one’s self of unnecessary hardships in order to discover some hidden truth through some form of supernatural revelation
St. Anthony of Egypt
first monk; creates Antonian System
St. Basil of Greece
establishes first montestary
purposes of montestaries
- manual labor
2. worship
St. Benedict
founder of Latin monasticism: chastity, poverty, labor, worship in montestaries
Uliflas
missionary sent to convert goths; first to translate the Bible into German
King of Kent
first English king to be converted to Catholicism
Council of Chalcedon
purpose: to discuss the nature of Christ
Eastern: Christ totally divine, not man at all
Western: Christ was divine AND man
important factors of the split of the Catholic church
icons (images, pictures, statues of Jesus)
Pope of Rome and Constantinople excommunicate eachother
3 fields system
only two fields are used by farmers a year while the other one cultivates as the fields are rotated yearly
merchant guilds
association within town of merchants
could tax non-member merchants
set standards, prices, rules, and regulations
craft guilds
establish wages, standards
apprentice–> journeyman –> master craftsman
fuedalism
land ownership in exchange for personal loyalty
scutage
allowed a knight to “buy out” of the military service due to the Crown
investiture
ceremony where king gives land and rank to a duke
Aristotle
becomes the standard of thinking and education and politics
Thomas Aquinas
writes Summa Theologica: faith and reason don’t conflict
Cluny, France
reform of Catholic church starts here
goals of the reform
- clergy needs to be looked up to not down on
2. would only recognize pope’s authority
Pope Nicholas II
declares that all future Pope’s must be elected by the College of Cardinals
Pope Gregory VII’s Reformation criteria
- the world is a religious community centered by the Pope
- the church is judge/guide of all human actions
- the pope can judge/punish rulers like kings
- priesthood must be celibate
- no seperation of church and state: the church is as powerful as the king if not more
lay investiture
HRE King Henry IV says that kings can appoint religious clergy
result of lay investiture
Pope Gregory VII rejects it; declares Henry IV as a fraud and excommunicates him and his supporters (including the priests Henry had appointed)
Henry pilgrimaged to Cannosa for the forgiveness of the Pope who accepts it but Henry ignores and still appoints clergy and is excommunicated again
Concordant of Worms
Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV settle dispute
- Pope appoints bishops
- in affairs of state bishops are loyal to king
- in affairs of church, bishop is loyal to the Pope
- king gave up power of lay invesiture
purpose of the Crusades
- free holy lands from Muslims
- unite all Christians
- encourage nobility to unite (no feudalism)
1st Crusade
most successful
takes over Jerusalem
Golden Mean
modernization through Western Europe
Greek form of Government
City-States (Athens, Sparta, etc)
The Republic
written by Plato
Herodatus
“father of history”
Classical Virtues
- order
- balance
- symmetry
- clarity
- control
Pax Romana
period of peace within Rome
Roman Law
Rome’s greatest contribution to modern society
Virgil
wrote Aeneid (poetry/literature)
Kalaf
leader of Islam
Constantine
1st Christian emporer
Latin
official language of HRE
St. Augustine
writes City of God which discuses man’s subjection to a higher power and the two worlds: temporal (Earth) and eternal (Heaven
changes in early Christianity
- stresses the importance of each soul
- defines end of Earth/afterlife
- man should help fellow man
- political power comes from God
Justinian Code (Corpis Juris)
- Digest: collection of extracts form the writings of lead Roman emporers
- Code: statutes
- Institutes: textbook for law
- Novels: laws passed after Justinian Code
elements of Roman Law
- all men are equal before the law
2. people have a right to legal protection
Cicero
“father of Latin pros”
Horace
writer of Odes (poems)
Ptolemy
said Earth is the center of the universe
Thucydides
wrote history of war between Greek city-states
