Chapter 5 Test: 12/4 Flashcards
Describe the EE political structure
Inefficient, therefore weak
main social unit of Eastern Europe
The agricultural estates, land owners dominate
Religion of the HRE
Catholicism
Religion of Poland
Catholicism
Religion of Ottoman Empire
Muslim
Religion of Russia
Eastern Orthodox
Religion of Sweden
Lutheran
Religion of Prussia
Lutheran
When was the HRE weakened?
After the treaty of Westfalen
Who rules the HRE?
The Hapsburgs
Why is the ruler of the HRE so powerful?
- Rules Austria
- Hereditary king of Bohemia
- Hereditary king of Hungary
Who are the Magyars?
A group of Hungarians who gain power and rival the Hapsburgs
Who leads the Magyars revolt?
Prince Francis Rakoczy
Who finances the Magyars revolt and why?
France; hate Hapsburgs
Who is the HRE’s biggest rival?
Ottoman Empire
Who saves the HRE from the attack of their biggest rival?
King of Poland
What does the Treaty of Karlowitz do?
- Ends oppression by the Turks
2. HRE reclaims Hungary and Transylvania
Why was the Pragmatic Sanction issued?
HRE King Charles VI has only a female heir, Maria Theresa
What was the purpose of the Pragmatic Sanction?
To stop rulers from taking advantage of a “weak” female ruler
What does the Pragmatic Sanction say?
Rulers agree to recognize Maria Theresa as empress and they won’t attack her
What does the Union of Lublin do?
Unifies Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
What was the largest religious minority in Poland?
Jews
How does someone become king of Poland?
Elected through the nobility who hold the power (no middle class)
name of Polish nobility
slazchta
Official language of Poland
Latin
What’s the Liberum Veto?
Any man can stand up and disband the diet
Why is Poland’s government inefficient?
Elects king through bribery
Who becomes king of Poland after August III dies?
Stanislaw Poniatowski
Who promotes Poniatowski as king?
Catherine the Great of Russia & the Prussians
What reforms does Poniatowski initiate?
- Tax
- Military
- Emancipated serfs
- Encourages industry
- Education
What causes the First Partition of Poland?
OE & Russia go to war and Austria threatens to join OE’s side. To prevent this Prussian ruler Frederick II the Great suggests that Prussia, Russia, and Austria each get a piece (1/3 is lost)
Effects of the 3rd Partition of Poland
- Restoration of Poland becomes a liberal cause until restoration after WWII
- Warns other countries to “suit up” or disappear
Who is the powerhouse of Europe?
Sweden
What vital part of Europe does Sweden dominate?
The Baltics
What ruler brings Sweden to glory?
Gustavus Aldophus
What Swedish king loses the most territory?
Charles XII in the Great Northern War
Who takes over the OE government?
Military unit called the Jannisaries
What is the ruler of the OE called?
Sultan
What is the Grand Vizier?
Second in command of OE
Who tried to revolve the role of emperor in the OE?
The Grand Vizier Kiupril family
What is the largest minority religion in the OE?
Greek Orthodox
What ethnicity is Russia?
Slavs
What is the first great Southern Russian city?
Kiev
What dynasty rules Kiev?
Riruik
How does Kiev prosper?
Upperclass dominates trade Lower class dominates farming
What are the Russian nobility called?
Boyars
What are the classes of Russian nobility?
- Druznina (given title due to military service)
2. Non-Service Nobility
What is a half free Russian indentured servant called?
Zakup
What is the major Northern Russian city?
Novgorod
Who adopts Orthodox Christianity in Kiev?
Vladimir Prince of Kiev
What are the two types of Russian clergy?
- Black: monks
2. White: village priests who can marry
What is the Russian council/nobility called?
Bolarskaia Duma
What is a Russian town meeting called?
Veche where all free men can participate, but only male heads of household can vote
Iraslov the Wise
Ruler of Kiev responsible for writing Russkaia Pravda, Russia’s first written law code
Who leads the Mongolian invasion of Kiev?
Batu
What do the Mongolians want from Kiev?
- Taxes
2. Army recruits
Alexander Nevsky
Prince of Novogrod who defended his kingdom from Teutonic Knights during Battle on the Ice
What city takes Kiev’s place after it falls to Mongolia?
Moscow
What’s another name for Moscow and who is it named after?
Kuchkova; Kuchka
Daniel
Ruler of Moscow who produces stability through introducing a hereditary monarch
Ivan I the Moneybags
- Becomes grand prince of Moscow after offering to collect taxes for tartars which makes Moscow richer
- He also makes Moscow the religious center of Russia
Dmitri “Donskoi”
Moscow ruler who Defeats Mongols at Battle of Kulikova, resulting in the destruction of the myth that Mongolia is invincible
Ivan III the Great
- First to use title of Tsar
2. Marries Zoe Paleologus, niece of the Byzantine emperor, thus allowing him to claim the throne in Constantinople
Vasili III
Adopts Third Rome Theory by Abbot Filofei of Pskov: Rome falls, Constantinople falls, Moscow currently rules
Ivan IV the Terrible
- Introduces Mestnichestvo (precedence in government/military based on family) in Moscow
- Marries Anastasia Zakharin-Kashkin (a Romanov)
- Creates General Militarty Regulations for the Gentry
- Creates Streltsky
- Creates oprichina
- Accidentally kills heir Dmitri
- Opens trade with England through Muscovy Co.
What’s the Streltsky?
Nationwide militia
What’s the oprichina?
Divides Russia into two parts ruled by two separate tsars
Feodor I the Bellringer
Produces no heir so house of Riurik ends
Boris Gudanov
- Not supported by Boyar due to allegations of murdering Ivan’s last son
- Civil war during his rule
Hermogen
Calls for Crusade to drive Poles out of Russia
Michael Romanov
- Ends Time of Troubles in Russia
2. Establishes new dynasty which introduces stability
Alexis
- Don Cossaks revolt led by Stinka Razin who is defeated
2. Religious Great Schism led by Patriarch Nixon
Feodore the Meek
Abolishes system of precedence
Veccina
Inherited from state
Bemetzi
Granted by the state
Peter I the Great
- Has no heir
2. Goal: reform
What do the Russian elite speak?
Latin
What do the Russian commoners speak?
Vernacular
What do all Russians have in common?
- Disease
2. Religion
Where is trade in great demand?
- Asia: teas, spices
- America: Europeans want cotton
- Africa: Americans want African slaves for farm labor
Who benefits most from this era of trade?
France, Dutch, Britain
What dynasty ruled England?
The Hanovers
Why does parliaments power in England grow?
The Hanovers were more interested in self promotion than the progress of England
What are the dominant parties in England?
Whigs & Torys
What office develops under the Hanover dynasty?
Prime Minister
What is the Whigs advantage?
Whig Oligarchy (small group has control)
Define rotten boros
Areas that are overrepresented in parliament
What was the Enclosure Movement?
Yeoman moving into urban areas to find work; England is prosperous
George I
appoints first prime minister of England
Who was the first Prime Minister of England?
Robert Wallpool
What was the first prime ministers major accomplishments?
- Architect of the cabinet of the government
2. Pays the national debt in order to get national support, though he doesn’t believe debt is bad if payed
Bubble Act
English law under George I that said only government chartered companies can sell stock
Who was Charles Stuart?
Tried to reclaim the Scottish throne from England, but is defeated, so George II breaks up all Scottish clans in England as a result
George III
tries to regain England’s lost monarchical power but fails
Joint Stock Company
a company who’s stock is owned by shareholders
Mississippi Company
gets monopoly on all French colonial trade in exchange for promising to pay off the national debt. however, company goes bankrupt and France is forced to repudiate all national debt
Jethro Tull
makes horse drawn cultivator/seed planter
Robert Bakewell
introduces selective breeding in livestock
James Watt
builds a steam engine that can power large industrial machinery
Louis XV
French king who allows parliament to reassert itself in France
Cardinal Fleury
regent under Louis XV of France who cuts debt and encourages mercantilism, therefore creating a prosperous France
What was France’s biggest problem?
the wealthy and nobility and churches pay no taxes, therefore the poor and middle class are paying taxes, but most can’t afford to do so, so the government is going broke
What was the taille?
property tax paid by the peasants in France
What was Ving Tieme?
a failed attempt at tax reform with a 5% tax on all property
What was the capitol of Prussia?
Berlin
Who is the ruling dynasty of Prussia?
Hoenzallins
Frederick William “the elector”
ruler of Prussia-Brandenburg, later becomes first king
- creates efficient civil service
- encourages industry
- strengthens the army
What did Frederick William believe the ultimate human virtue was?
service to the state
What was Frederick the Great’s nickname?
the enlightened despot
What is the Anti-Machiavel?
book loved by Frederick the Great (of Prussia) that said that the monarch isn’t the absolute master, but only ther first servant of the state
What were Frederick the Great’s major accomplishments?
- makes serfs hereditary subjects of yonkers
2. reforms schools and the justice system
What were Maria Theresa’s goals for the HRE?
- guarantee plenty of taxes and soldiers
- break the power of local nobles
- replace local officials with government paid officials
- encourage free trade
Who was Maria Theresa’s co-ruler?
her son and heir, Joseph
What is Joseph a prime example of?
An enlightened despot
What are examples of Joseph’s role as an enlightened despot?
- brings tax equality
- creates equal punishments for crime
- believes in freedom of the press
- believes in religious freedom
Describe the cause of the War of Polish Succession
new king needed in Poland and Louis XVI of France wants his anti-Hapsburg father in law to become king but he fails
Who opposes Louis XVI’s proposal for the Polish throne?
Austria and Prussia
What peace ends the War of Polish Succession?
Treaty of Vienna
What causes the War of Austrian Succession?
Prussian King Frederick II violated the Pragmatic Sanction by taking Silisia (a part of Austria)
What ends the War of Austrian Succession?
The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle which gives Silisia to Prussia
What was the Diplomatic Revolution?
Austria and France become allies when Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI wed; Prussia becomes allies with Great Britain
Who led the Diplomatic Revolution?
Count Wenzel Von Kaunitz
What caused the French and Indian War?
- Britain and France fight to control the Ohio River Valley
- Britain and France fight over trade with the Indians
- Austria and France attempt to partition Prussia
Who created French territory in India?
Jean Dupliex and Robert Clive
What ends the Black Hole of Calcutta (British POW camp)?
The Treaty of Paris where France loses all North American colonies
Catherine I
becomes Russian queen when Peter dies
Alexander Menshikov
dominates the Russian government under Catherine I
Peter II
king after Catherine I of Russia
Ivan Dolgorvky
advisor to Peter II of Russia who sends Menshikov into exile
Anna
German daughter of Tsar Ivan V who becomes queen of Russia after promising to accept “The Conditions”, which she does, but quickly allows Germans to run the country
Primo Geneter
law abolished by Anna that stated that the oldest son gets all property
Ivan VI
Russian infant king who is overthrown by Elizabeth
Elizabeth
daughter of Peter the Great who returns Russians to authority, restores the senate, and rules through favorites
Peter III
hated Russia even though he is King
Who did Peter III marry?
Catherine Anhalt-Zerhst (later Catherine the Great)
What happens to Petter III?
The Orlov brothers help Catherine II the Great overthrow/kill him
How does Catherine the great reward her subjects?
patronage (titles, serfs, estates)
What ideas does Catherine the Great implement?
the Enlightenment
What does Catherine the Great do for the legal system?
creates the Legislative Commission to recodify the legal system but it fails
Charter of the Nobility
Russian law under Catherine the Great which allows the nobility in each district to create a legal body headed by the marshall and the nobility, who can petition the Tsar directly over issues and frees them from certain taxes and gives them rights in court
What were Catherine the Great’s major accomplishments?
- small pox vaccine
2. expands trade and education
Pugachev Uprising
Don Cossacks claims to be Peter III and attempts to reclaim the Russian thrown during their war with Turkey
What were the results of the Pugachev Uprising?
Catherine realizes more local government is needed, even though Pugachev is defeated
Why was the Battle of Chesma important?
a battle during the Furst Russo Turkish War under Catherine the Great. important because the British begin to fear Russia’s naval power
What peace ends the First Russo Turkish War?
Treaty of Kachuck-Kainarj:
- Crimea comes under control of Russia, allowing them access to the Black Sea
- Russia gets access to Dardanelles and is recognized as protector of all Orthodox Christians in the OE
What caused the Second Russo Turkish War?
Russia annexes Crimea to build a fortress at Sevastapol
Who led the Greek Project?
Part of the 2nd Russo Turkish War led by Prince Gregory Potemkin
What was the goal of the Greek Project?
capture Constantinople
What peace ended the Second Russo Turkish War?
Treaty of Jassy which confirms Russia’s ownership of Crimea
