Chapter 10 Test: 4/23 Flashcards
Who lead the Philosophical Radicalism movement?
Jeremy Bentham
What did the Racialists want?
- total reconstruction of laws, prisons, poor organizations, etc.
- no Church of England
What was the main concern of the Humanitarians?
abolition of slavery
Who founded the International Red Cross?
Jean Henri Dunant
Who founded the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
Who pushed for prison reform?
Elizabeth Fry
Who pushed for the reform of insane asylums?
Dorthea Dix
What were the 4 main characteristics of Liberalism?
- professional class leaders like landlords and businessmen
- belief in confidence in man’s power and and self governmet
- belief in parliamentary or republican government
- belief in freedom of assembly and the press
What was a defining characteristic of Nationalism?
the belief in Plato’s mythos: an emotional attachment to historical origins, past sufferings and glories, and to common traditions, hopes, and fears
Who founded the Young Italy Society and what was his goal?
Joseph Mazzini; Italian unification
What was The Duties of Man about?
taught that man’s duty to the nation was just as important as his duty to his family and God
What did G.W.F. Hegel believe?
for people to enjoy freedom, order, or dignity, they must have an independent state (Germany)
Who founded the Scientific School of Historical Writing?
Leopold Van Ranke
What did Van Ranke believe?
Germany has a mission from God to develop a culture and a political system entirely different from the French
Who wrote the National System of Political Economy?
Friedrich List
What did List believe?
free-trade benefited only Great Britain because it had many factories, so other nations needed tariffs to protect themselves from Great Britain
What is a defining characteristic of Conservatism?
a strong belief in monarchy, aristocracy, and a state church
What did Edmund Burke believe?
a conservative belief that every people must change its institutions by gradual adaptation, and no people can suddenly realize in the present any freedoms not already prepared for in the past
What are 3 characteristics of Romanticism?
- theory of literature and art
- stressed feeling of emotion more than reason
- looked to the Middle Ages and Gothic Revival
Who was a popular Romantic English writer?
Lord Byron
Who was a popular Romantic French writer?
Victor Hugo
What are 3 main characteristics of Socialism?
- desired some degree of communal ownership of productive and assets
- wanted a fairer distribution of income among all useful members of society
- spread among working classes after 1830
What is Paternalistic Capitalism and who promoted it?
Robert Owen; the government corrects bad behavior and pays for schools and housing in exchange for work
What did Count de Saint-Simon advocate for?
public ownership of industrial equipment and other capital, with control in the hands of industry leaders who should plan public projects like the Suez Canal
Who was editor of Revue de Progres and the author of Organization of Work and what did these say?
Louis Blanc; he proposed “social workshops” or state supported manufacturing centers where laborers should work without the intervention of private capitalists
What are 3 prime characteristics of Communism?
- society is divided into two classes: the bourgeois and the proletariate
- the employer is the enemy of the worker and the government, law, morality, and religion are his tools
- economic determinism: economics drive history
What did Karl Marx (Communist) believe?
- the bourgeois will be overthrown eventually
- the goal is to create a classless society
- formation of the International Working Men’s Association
What does the “civilized world” refer to?
Europe and its cultural and social offshoots
What is the inner zone?
an area dominated by industry
What were the 3 pillars of the civilized world?
- materialism
- Christianity
- knowledge
What was the Atlantic Migration?
a time in Europe when 60 million people crossed the Atlantic Ocean to leave
What tools were created in the Industrial Revolution?
steam power, railroad, gasoline, & electricity
What are invisible exports?
shipping and insurance services rendered to foreigners and interest on money lent out
What was the financial capital of the world following the Napoleonic Wars?
London
What was Bakunin’s beliefs about the state?
the government should be federal or anarchist
What did Evolutionary Socialism say?
socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation and unions
What is Origin of Species about?
published by Darwin; basis of evolutionary biology
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
Russian psychologist who studied classical conditioning
Who is the father of modern psychology?
Sigmund Freud?
Who created the idea of the “super man”?
Friedrich Nietzsche
Why was David Friedrich Strauss scandalous?
he created an account of the “historical Jesus”
Why did the Vatican Council of 1870 meet?
affirmed the Pope’s power and authority despite radicalism
What did the Lateran Treaty of 1929 say?
the Pope had religious jurisdiction but the king ruled the country
What was Zionism?
a movement by the Jews to move to Palestine/Israel and become and independent state
What is the focus of Germany’s foreign policy?
Isolate France
As a result of Germany’s goal, what alliance is formed?
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy
What is Willhelm I’s goal for Germany as emperor?
Colonization and fleetbuilding
What is the Eastern Question?
Who will dominate the Balkins
Who is fighting over the Balkins?
Austria-Hungary & Russia
What intensifies the feud between Austria-Hubgary and Russia?
The Russo-Turkish War
What ends the Russo-Turkish War?
Treaty of Stanstefano
Why do the British oppose the Treaty of Stanstefano?
They feel threatened by the Russian presence in the Suez Canal and India
What are 2 results of the Congress of Berlin?
the Treaty of Stanstefano is overturned and A-H gets Bosnia and Herzegovina
Who formed the Balkin League?
- Greece
- Serbia
- Bulgaria
- Montenegro
What ends the 1st Balkin War?
Treaty of London
What are the results of the 1st Balkin War?
- Turks lose so must give up territory
2. Albania gets independence
Who fights the 2nd Balkin War?
Bulgaria vs. Serbia & Greece
What ended the 2nd Balkin War?
Treaty of Bucharest where Bulgaria loses territory
What is Russian industry focused on?
Building the Trans-Siberian railroad
What humiliations has Russia faced?
- defeat in the Crimean War
- defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905
- the Russian Revolution of 1905
Who makes up the Triple Entente?
- Britain
- Russia
- France
What are the Russians and Japanese fighting over?
- Russian Port Arthur and Vladidostok
- Korea
- Access to the mainland for Japanese
Who opens Japanese trade to the west?
Commodore Matthew Perry
Who is the Japanese military head?
Shogun
Who begins modernization in Japan?
Emperor Mutsunito
What starts the Russo-Japanese War?
Japan’s sneak attack on Port Arthur which destroys Russia’s Pacific fleet
What was the largest battle in the Russo-Japanese War?
Battle of Mukden
What happens at the Battle of Tsushima Straits?
Japanese destroy the Russian Baltic fleet
Who initiates peace between Japan and Russia at the Portsmouth Peace Conference?
USA president Theodore Roosevelt in order to protect American ports
What ends the Russo-Japanese War?
Treaty of Portsmouth
What does Japan receive as a result of victory?
Port Arthur
Why is the Russo-Japanese War significant?
- First time non-European wins
2. Serves as warning to other countries to westernize and modernize or surrender to the Europeans
What were Tsar Nicholas II’s three main points?
- Autocracy
- Orthodoxy
- Nationalism
What is the nickname of the Constitutional Democrats?
The Kadets
What do the Kadets want?
- Parliamentary English system
- Universal manhood suffrage
- Responsible ministry
Who founded the Social Revolutionaries?
Vikor Chernov & Nicolas Aukenste
What are the two subgroups of the Social Revolutionaries?
Bolsheviks (Radical) & Menchiviks
What do the Social Revolutionaries want?
to socialize the land (Communism)
Who is Plehve and what happened to him?
the minister of the interior; he is assassinated
Who founds the Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill Workers?
Orthodox Priest Georgi Gapon (assassinated)
What happened on Bloody Sunday?
peaceful protesters go to the palace to give the tsar a petition, but security mistakes it as a riot and shoots into the crowd, killing hundreds
What happens as a result of Bloody Sunday?
- the people don’t trust the tsar
2. huge general strikes are organized
What does Tsar Nicholas II do to compromise?
grants the October Manifesto, a constitution
Who writes the October Manifesto?
the first Russian PM, Sergei Witte
What does the October Manifesto do?
gives Russians the Duma (parliament)
Who are the Black Hundred?
conservatives who oppose the new Russian constitution
Who are the Kulaks?
middle class farmers wiped out by the communists
Who was Stolypin?
Russian PM who increased the power of Zemstovs
What starts the Russian Revolution?
Stolypin’s assassination
Who is the Sick Man of Europe?
LOL IF U DONT NO THIS BY NOW
What prompts the Ottoman Empire to modernize?
the Crimean War
Who leads reform in the OE?
Hati-i Humayan
What are the goals of the reformation in the OE?
- abolish civil authority of religious leaders
- Christians allowed to serve in the military
- railroad construction through loans to the government
Who overthrows Abdul Aziz?
Midhat Pasha
What does Abdul Hamid II do?
abolishes parliament and the constitution
Who becomes a British protectorate and why?
Egypt; they are too deep in debt
Who owns Egypt?
the Ottoman Empire
Who reconstructs the Egyptian economy?
Evelyn Baring
Who takes control of the OE government?
the Young Turks who restore constitution and reform
Who ends the Taiping Rebellion?
Charles “Chinese” Gordon
What does the Taiping Rebellion result in?
weakened central Chinese government
What ends the 1st Opium War?
Treaty of Nanking
What do the British get in the Treaty of Nanking?
Hong Kong, Shang-Hai, and Canton
What ends the 2nd Opium War?
Treaty of Tientsin
What does the 2nd Opium War result in?
China gives up its ports to various countries like Russia, Britain, and Japan
What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
gave nations equal rights when trading with China
What was the goal of the Boxer Rebellion?
drive out all foreigners and Christians
What is a result of the Boxer Rebellion?
the Manchu is forced to modernize
Who leads the rebellion in China?
Sun Yat-Sen
