Chapter 10 Test: 4/23 Flashcards
Who lead the Philosophical Radicalism movement?
Jeremy Bentham
What did the Racialists want?
- total reconstruction of laws, prisons, poor organizations, etc.
- no Church of England
What was the main concern of the Humanitarians?
abolition of slavery
Who founded the International Red Cross?
Jean Henri Dunant
Who founded the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
Who pushed for prison reform?
Elizabeth Fry
Who pushed for the reform of insane asylums?
Dorthea Dix
What were the 4 main characteristics of Liberalism?
- professional class leaders like landlords and businessmen
- belief in confidence in man’s power and and self governmet
- belief in parliamentary or republican government
- belief in freedom of assembly and the press
What was a defining characteristic of Nationalism?
the belief in Plato’s mythos: an emotional attachment to historical origins, past sufferings and glories, and to common traditions, hopes, and fears
Who founded the Young Italy Society and what was his goal?
Joseph Mazzini; Italian unification
What was The Duties of Man about?
taught that man’s duty to the nation was just as important as his duty to his family and God
What did G.W.F. Hegel believe?
for people to enjoy freedom, order, or dignity, they must have an independent state (Germany)
Who founded the Scientific School of Historical Writing?
Leopold Van Ranke
What did Van Ranke believe?
Germany has a mission from God to develop a culture and a political system entirely different from the French
Who wrote the National System of Political Economy?
Friedrich List
What did List believe?
free-trade benefited only Great Britain because it had many factories, so other nations needed tariffs to protect themselves from Great Britain
What is a defining characteristic of Conservatism?
a strong belief in monarchy, aristocracy, and a state church
What did Edmund Burke believe?
a conservative belief that every people must change its institutions by gradual adaptation, and no people can suddenly realize in the present any freedoms not already prepared for in the past
What are 3 characteristics of Romanticism?
- theory of literature and art
- stressed feeling of emotion more than reason
- looked to the Middle Ages and Gothic Revival
Who was a popular Romantic English writer?
Lord Byron
Who was a popular Romantic French writer?
Victor Hugo
What are 3 main characteristics of Socialism?
- desired some degree of communal ownership of productive and assets
- wanted a fairer distribution of income among all useful members of society
- spread among working classes after 1830
What is Paternalistic Capitalism and who promoted it?
Robert Owen; the government corrects bad behavior and pays for schools and housing in exchange for work
What did Count de Saint-Simon advocate for?
public ownership of industrial equipment and other capital, with control in the hands of industry leaders who should plan public projects like the Suez Canal
Who was editor of Revue de Progres and the author of Organization of Work and what did these say?
Louis Blanc; he proposed “social workshops” or state supported manufacturing centers where laborers should work without the intervention of private capitalists
What are 3 prime characteristics of Communism?
- society is divided into two classes: the bourgeois and the proletariate
- the employer is the enemy of the worker and the government, law, morality, and religion are his tools
- economic determinism: economics drive history
What did Karl Marx (Communist) believe?
- the bourgeois will be overthrown eventually
- the goal is to create a classless society
- formation of the International Working Men’s Association
What does the “civilized world” refer to?
Europe and its cultural and social offshoots
What is the inner zone?
an area dominated by industry
What were the 3 pillars of the civilized world?
- materialism
- Christianity
- knowledge
What was the Atlantic Migration?
a time in Europe when 60 million people crossed the Atlantic Ocean to leave
What tools were created in the Industrial Revolution?
steam power, railroad, gasoline, & electricity
What are invisible exports?
shipping and insurance services rendered to foreigners and interest on money lent out
What was the financial capital of the world following the Napoleonic Wars?
London
What was Bakunin’s beliefs about the state?
the government should be federal or anarchist
What did Evolutionary Socialism say?
socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation and unions
What is Origin of Species about?
published by Darwin; basis of evolutionary biology
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
Russian psychologist who studied classical conditioning
Who is the father of modern psychology?
Sigmund Freud?
Who created the idea of the “super man”?
Friedrich Nietzsche
Why was David Friedrich Strauss scandalous?
he created an account of the “historical Jesus”
Why did the Vatican Council of 1870 meet?
affirmed the Pope’s power and authority despite radicalism
What did the Lateran Treaty of 1929 say?
the Pope had religious jurisdiction but the king ruled the country
