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AP Euro > Chapter 2 Test: 9/18 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test: 9/18 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Purpose of Hanseatic League

A

Control trade in North and Baltics

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1
Q

Consequences of Bubonic Plague

A
  1. Kills 2/3 of population
  2. Growth of urban centers as people move in
  3. Hanseatic League forms
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2
Q

Causes of 100 Yrs War

A
  1. King of England resents being a vassal to king of France

2. King of England claims French throne

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3
Q

English Advantage in 100 Yrs War

A

Create long bow which can penetrate armor

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4
Q

Battle of Agincourt

A

100 Yrs War

English victory

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5
Q

Siege of Orleans

A

French victory led by Joan of Arc

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6
Q

Joan of Arc

A

Led French in Siege of Orleans

Captured by English and charged with witchcraft; executed

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7
Q

Outcome of 100 Yrs War

A

English lose war and land except Calais

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8
Q

Important Italian States

A
  1. Venice
  2. Milan
  3. Florence
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9
Q

Important German States

A
  1. Austria
  2. Brandenburg
  3. Bavaria
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10
Q

Albigensians

A
  1. History is struggle between good and evil
  2. Satan created Earth
  3. Jehovah is god of evil

Crushed by Pope’s crusades

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11
Q

Waldensians

A

Founded by Peter Waldo

Bible is sole rule of life

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12
Q

Wycliffes

A

Founded by John Wycliffe

First to translate Bible to English which launches Protestant Reformation in the UK

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13
Q

Lollards

A
  1. Clergy members are too worldly

2. Urged social reform

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14
Q

Hussites

A

Founded by John Huss (catholic priest)
Criticized wealth of church
Declared heretic; burnt at stake

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15
Q

Beginning of Great Schism

A

King Phillip IV of France decides to tax church land
Pope Bonaface VII is furious
Phillip arrests Bonaface, makes Clement V Pope
Clement moves to Arignon France

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16
Q

Unam Sanctum

A

Issued by Bonaface in response to Phillip

Says there is no salvation outside of church so all are required to submit to Pope’s authority

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17
Q

Nickname of Great Schism

A

Babylonian Captivity

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18
Q

Cause of Great Schism

A

Clement dies, replaced by Gregory, who dies in Rome
Italians make Urban VI pope, French Make Clement VI pope

Now 2 Popes exist

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19
Q

Council of Pisa

A

Created to elect real pope
John XXII is elected
French don’t accept this

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20
Q

Council of Constance

A

Finally real, sole pope is elected: Martin V

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21
Q

Conciliar Movement

A
  1. Establish sancro sancto: council > pope

2. Frequens: council must meet every 10 yrs

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22
Q

Result of Conciliar Movement

A

Church weakened

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23
Q

Humanism

A

The beauty and goodness of man and the world and the Classics are stressed

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24
Q

Why did the Renassiance start in Italy?

A
  1. Economic: center of trade
  2. Merchants: wealthy able to support art
  3. Heritage of Rome: the ancient capital
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25
Q

Effects of Rennasiance on Humanities

A
  1. Increase in civic leadership/consciousness

2. Virtue: the quality of being a man, seizing all opportunities

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26
Q

Effects of Rennasiance on Literature

A
  1. Vernacular is used

2. Clergy aren’t only writers

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27
Q

Petrarch

A

“First Man of Letters”

The Christian writer must cultivate literary eloquence so that he could inspire people to do good

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28
Q

Effect of Rennasiance on Education

A
  1. Emphasis on classics

2. Emphasis on rhetoric

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29
Q

Rennasiance Outside of Italy

A

Focused on religion

Emphasis on using classics to deepen Biblical understanding

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30
Q

Mysticism

A

Idea that the soul in perfect solitude can commune with God without clergy/church

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31
Q

Erasmus of Rotterdam

A

Gives Greek translation of New Testament

Wrote Praise of Folly: uses satire to criticize nobility, argue that life is improved through Christian principles

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32
Q

1400s Power Struggle Components

A
  1. King: provides stability through hereditary monarchy
  2. Nobility
  3. Church
  4. Middle Class
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33
Q

Sales Populi Supreme Lex

A

Welfare of the people is highest law

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34
Q

Quod principi pla cubit legas habet vigoren

A

What pleases the prince is the law

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35
Q

War of the Roses: fight over throne between…

A
  1. House of York

2. House of Lancaster

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36
Q

Results of War of the Roses

A
  1. Monarchy is strengthened
  2. Many nobles died
  3. Crown gained property through confiscation from the enemy
  4. Tudor dynasty comes to power
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37
Q

Henry VII

A

Comes to power after War of Roses
Abolishes livery and maintenance
Restores nations economy

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38
Q

Henry VIII

A

Married a lot to produce male heir
Has Mary, Elizabeth, Edward
Strong catholic

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39
Q

Cardinal Thomas Wolsely

A

Under Henry VIII

Fired when he doesn’t get Henry a divorce from Catherine

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40
Q

Thomas Cromwell

A

Replaces Wolsley as chancellor under Henry VIII

Suppressed montestaries

41
Q

Defense of 7 Sacrements

A

Written by Henry VIII

42
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

Passed by parliament to make king head of Church of England

43
Q

Edward VI

A

Son/heir to throne of Henry VI
Dies at age 16 after sickly life
England’s first Protestant king

44
Q

Lady Jane Grey

A

Queen for 9 days after Edward dies

Kicked out when Mary Tudor seizes throne

45
Q

Mary Tudor

A

Goal: kill Protestants; make England Catholic

Dies of stomach tumor

46
Q

Elizabethan Compromise

A

Include as many Catholics/Protestants as possible in royal cabinet

47
Q

Mary Queen of Scotts

A

Elizabeth’s cousin
Supposed to marry Dauphin but he dies
Possible heir to English throne

48
Q

Sea dogs

A

Englishmen who raid Spanish ships

49
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Response by King Phillip to sea dogs/Protestants

Plans to kill Elizabeth but English win by “Protestant Wind”

50
Q

Louis XI

A

Considered architect of France’s absolute monarchy

51
Q

Concordat of Bologna

A

Agreement with church by Francis I giving king control over national clergy and guaranteeing anates

52
Q

Franco-Ottoman Alliance

A

alliance under Francis I between France and Ottoman

53
Q

Types of HRE states

A
  1. Princely States
  2. Ecclesiastical States
  3. Imperial Free Cities
  4. Independent Knights
54
Q

Who picks the HRE emperor?

A

9 prominent electors

But emperor must guarantee states independence

55
Q

Rudolph

A

First Hapsburg HRE emperor, creates trend of Hapsburg emperors

56
Q

Maximilian I

A

Attempts to expand imperils through marriage

57
Q

Charles V

A

Maximilian’s grandson by Joanna & Phillip

king of HRE & Spain, largest territory under any ruler ever

58
Q

Charles V’s goals

A
  1. Restore imperial authority and bring peace to Europe
  2. Dynastic prince of Austria and Spain; gain territory
  3. Rule as a Christian and stop Islam/Protestants using divine right of kings
59
Q

Ferdinand

A

Brother of Charles V

Elected king by Hungarian parliament to protect them (specifically from the Turks)

60
Q

Patronage

A

Rewards in exchange for loyalty

61
Q

Reconquista

A

Spanish effort to drive out Moors

Completed in 1492 when Grenada is conquered

62
Q

Cortez

A

Spanish parliament

63
Q

When does Spain become unified?

A

When Ferdinand marries Isabella

Previously only unified through Catholic church

64
Q

Cardinal Ximenes of Cisneros

A

Reforms clergy

Enhances image of Catholic Church

65
Q

Spanish Inquisition

A

Purpose: root out heresy among the converted Jews

Jews & Moors expelled from Spain

66
Q

Why we’re the common people dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?

A

The church was too wealthy and worldly

67
Q

Why was the middle class dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?

A
  1. Church and government too closely entwined

2. Want to manage their own religious affairs

68
Q

Why were rulers dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?

A

Constant conflict over taxes, property, legal jurisdiction

69
Q

Ius Reformadi

A

Right & power to reform specifically religion

70
Q

Purpose of Protestant reformation

A

To reform Catholic Church, later broke away

71
Q

Spark of Protestant Reformation

A

95 Theses: written by Luther and nailed to church door

72
Q

Main Points of 95 Theses

A
  1. Man is justified by faith alone
  2. Pope is unnecessary
  3. Clergy should marry (anti-celibacy)
  4. Monasticism should be abolished
73
Q

Papal Bull

A

Pope orders Luther to recant his theses or be excommunicated

Luther responds by burning it publicly

74
Q

Diet of the Empire at Verms

A

Emperor orders Luther to appear but he declines

Flees to Saxony where he translates Bible into German

75
Q

Against the Murdering Hordes of Peasants

A

By Luther

  1. Responsibility to obey rulers
  2. Rulers should crush revolts
76
Q

League of Schmalkald

A

Germans support Luther and oppose Charles V

Assisted by Francis I of France

77
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

Ends war between Charles and Francis

78
Q

Ecclesiastical Reservation

A

Any churchman who converted to Lutheranism cannot take property with him

79
Q

John Calvin

A

Writes Institutes of Christian Religion
Forms Presbyterian church
Preaches predestination

80
Q

theocracy

A

Government based on religion

81
Q

What were Calvinists called in Scotland, England, & France?

A

Scotland: Presbyterians
England: Puritans
France: Hugenots

82
Q

Ulrich Zwingli

A

Believes in consubstantiation

83
Q

Annabaptists

A

Big in Germany and Switzerland

Said no baptizing infants

84
Q

Council of Trent

A
  1. Launches counter reformation

2. Restate Sacraments and beliefs of the church

85
Q

St. Ignatius of Loyola

A

Creates Society of Jesus: Jesuits

86
Q

Jesuit Goals

A
  1. Educate upperclass

2. International mission work

87
Q

Interdict

A

Excommunicating an entire community

88
Q

Alberti

A

Wrote On the Family: the nuclear family was instituted by nature for the well being of humanity

89
Q

Valla

A
  1. Founder of contextual criticism

2. Proved the Donation of Constantine a forgery while working for the king of Naples

90
Q

Machiavelli

A

Wrote The Prince: the supreme obligation of a ruler is to maintain the power and safety of the country

91
Q

Castiglione

A

Defined Renaissance Man: well rounded = civilized and learned

92
Q

Codex Vaticanus

A

Dating from the fourth century it was the best and most important manuscript of the Bible until the discover of one on Mt. Sinai in 1859

93
Q

Causes of the end of the Italian Renaissance

A
  1. War

2. Waning in Italian prosperity when trade routes shift to Atlantic Ocean

94
Q

Christian Humanism

A

Studied Latin and Greek in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality

95
Q

Handbook of a Christian Night

A

Written by Erasmus

Said man can be civicly involved and still be a faithful Christian

96
Q

Sir Thomas Moore

A

Wrote Utopia

97
Q

Utopia

A

Condemnation of

  1. Poverty undeserved
  2. Wealth unearned
  3. Drastic punishments
  4. Religious persecution
  5. Slaughter of war
98
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Heliocentric theory: the sun is center of the galaxy and the planets revolve around it

99
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

The orbit of the earth is an oval

100
Q

Galileo

A

Proves Copernicus’s theories when he invents and uses telescope

101
Q

Andreas Versalius

A

Wrote On the Structure of the Human Body

First anatomical guide

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