Chapter 2 Test: 9/18 Flashcards
Purpose of Hanseatic League
Control trade in North and Baltics
Consequences of Bubonic Plague
- Kills 2/3 of population
- Growth of urban centers as people move in
- Hanseatic League forms
Causes of 100 Yrs War
- King of England resents being a vassal to king of France
2. King of England claims French throne
English Advantage in 100 Yrs War
Create long bow which can penetrate armor
Battle of Agincourt
100 Yrs War
English victory
Siege of Orleans
French victory led by Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc
Led French in Siege of Orleans
Captured by English and charged with witchcraft; executed
Outcome of 100 Yrs War
English lose war and land except Calais
Important Italian States
- Venice
- Milan
- Florence
Important German States
- Austria
- Brandenburg
- Bavaria
Albigensians
- History is struggle between good and evil
- Satan created Earth
- Jehovah is god of evil
Crushed by Pope’s crusades
Waldensians
Founded by Peter Waldo
Bible is sole rule of life
Wycliffes
Founded by John Wycliffe
First to translate Bible to English which launches Protestant Reformation in the UK
Lollards
- Clergy members are too worldly
2. Urged social reform
Hussites
Founded by John Huss (catholic priest)
Criticized wealth of church
Declared heretic; burnt at stake
Beginning of Great Schism
King Phillip IV of France decides to tax church land
Pope Bonaface VII is furious
Phillip arrests Bonaface, makes Clement V Pope
Clement moves to Arignon France
Unam Sanctum
Issued by Bonaface in response to Phillip
Says there is no salvation outside of church so all are required to submit to Pope’s authority
Nickname of Great Schism
Babylonian Captivity
Cause of Great Schism
Clement dies, replaced by Gregory, who dies in Rome
Italians make Urban VI pope, French Make Clement VI pope
Now 2 Popes exist
Council of Pisa
Created to elect real pope
John XXII is elected
French don’t accept this
Council of Constance
Finally real, sole pope is elected: Martin V
Conciliar Movement
- Establish sancro sancto: council > pope
2. Frequens: council must meet every 10 yrs
Result of Conciliar Movement
Church weakened
Humanism
The beauty and goodness of man and the world and the Classics are stressed
Why did the Renassiance start in Italy?
- Economic: center of trade
- Merchants: wealthy able to support art
- Heritage of Rome: the ancient capital
Effects of Rennasiance on Humanities
- Increase in civic leadership/consciousness
2. Virtue: the quality of being a man, seizing all opportunities
Effects of Rennasiance on Literature
- Vernacular is used
2. Clergy aren’t only writers
Petrarch
“First Man of Letters”
The Christian writer must cultivate literary eloquence so that he could inspire people to do good
Effect of Rennasiance on Education
- Emphasis on classics
2. Emphasis on rhetoric
Rennasiance Outside of Italy
Focused on religion
Emphasis on using classics to deepen Biblical understanding
Mysticism
Idea that the soul in perfect solitude can commune with God without clergy/church
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Gives Greek translation of New Testament
Wrote Praise of Folly: uses satire to criticize nobility, argue that life is improved through Christian principles
1400s Power Struggle Components
- King: provides stability through hereditary monarchy
- Nobility
- Church
- Middle Class
Sales Populi Supreme Lex
Welfare of the people is highest law
Quod principi pla cubit legas habet vigoren
What pleases the prince is the law
War of the Roses: fight over throne between…
- House of York
2. House of Lancaster
Results of War of the Roses
- Monarchy is strengthened
- Many nobles died
- Crown gained property through confiscation from the enemy
- Tudor dynasty comes to power
Henry VII
Comes to power after War of Roses
Abolishes livery and maintenance
Restores nations economy
Henry VIII
Married a lot to produce male heir
Has Mary, Elizabeth, Edward
Strong catholic
Cardinal Thomas Wolsely
Under Henry VIII
Fired when he doesn’t get Henry a divorce from Catherine
Thomas Cromwell
Replaces Wolsley as chancellor under Henry VIII
Suppressed montestaries
Defense of 7 Sacrements
Written by Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy
Passed by parliament to make king head of Church of England
Edward VI
Son/heir to throne of Henry VI
Dies at age 16 after sickly life
England’s first Protestant king
Lady Jane Grey
Queen for 9 days after Edward dies
Kicked out when Mary Tudor seizes throne
Mary Tudor
Goal: kill Protestants; make England Catholic
Dies of stomach tumor
Elizabethan Compromise
Include as many Catholics/Protestants as possible in royal cabinet
Mary Queen of Scotts
Elizabeth’s cousin
Supposed to marry Dauphin but he dies
Possible heir to English throne
Sea dogs
Englishmen who raid Spanish ships
Spanish Armada
Response by King Phillip to sea dogs/Protestants
Plans to kill Elizabeth but English win by “Protestant Wind”
Louis XI
Considered architect of France’s absolute monarchy
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement with church by Francis I giving king control over national clergy and guaranteeing anates
Franco-Ottoman Alliance
alliance under Francis I between France and Ottoman
Types of HRE states
- Princely States
- Ecclesiastical States
- Imperial Free Cities
- Independent Knights
Who picks the HRE emperor?
9 prominent electors
But emperor must guarantee states independence
Rudolph
First Hapsburg HRE emperor, creates trend of Hapsburg emperors
Maximilian I
Attempts to expand imperils through marriage
Charles V
Maximilian’s grandson by Joanna & Phillip
king of HRE & Spain, largest territory under any ruler ever
Charles V’s goals
- Restore imperial authority and bring peace to Europe
- Dynastic prince of Austria and Spain; gain territory
- Rule as a Christian and stop Islam/Protestants using divine right of kings
Ferdinand
Brother of Charles V
Elected king by Hungarian parliament to protect them (specifically from the Turks)
Patronage
Rewards in exchange for loyalty
Reconquista
Spanish effort to drive out Moors
Completed in 1492 when Grenada is conquered
Cortez
Spanish parliament
When does Spain become unified?
When Ferdinand marries Isabella
Previously only unified through Catholic church
Cardinal Ximenes of Cisneros
Reforms clergy
Enhances image of Catholic Church
Spanish Inquisition
Purpose: root out heresy among the converted Jews
Jews & Moors expelled from Spain
Why we’re the common people dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
The church was too wealthy and worldly
Why was the middle class dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
- Church and government too closely entwined
2. Want to manage their own religious affairs
Why were rulers dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
Constant conflict over taxes, property, legal jurisdiction
Ius Reformadi
Right & power to reform specifically religion
Purpose of Protestant reformation
To reform Catholic Church, later broke away
Spark of Protestant Reformation
95 Theses: written by Luther and nailed to church door
Main Points of 95 Theses
- Man is justified by faith alone
- Pope is unnecessary
- Clergy should marry (anti-celibacy)
- Monasticism should be abolished
Papal Bull
Pope orders Luther to recant his theses or be excommunicated
Luther responds by burning it publicly
Diet of the Empire at Verms
Emperor orders Luther to appear but he declines
Flees to Saxony where he translates Bible into German
Against the Murdering Hordes of Peasants
By Luther
- Responsibility to obey rulers
- Rulers should crush revolts
League of Schmalkald
Germans support Luther and oppose Charles V
Assisted by Francis I of France
Peace of Augsburg
Ends war between Charles and Francis
Ecclesiastical Reservation
Any churchman who converted to Lutheranism cannot take property with him
John Calvin
Writes Institutes of Christian Religion
Forms Presbyterian church
Preaches predestination
theocracy
Government based on religion
What were Calvinists called in Scotland, England, & France?
Scotland: Presbyterians
England: Puritans
France: Hugenots
Ulrich Zwingli
Believes in consubstantiation
Annabaptists
Big in Germany and Switzerland
Said no baptizing infants
Council of Trent
- Launches counter reformation
2. Restate Sacraments and beliefs of the church
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Creates Society of Jesus: Jesuits
Jesuit Goals
- Educate upperclass
2. International mission work
Interdict
Excommunicating an entire community
Alberti
Wrote On the Family: the nuclear family was instituted by nature for the well being of humanity
Valla
- Founder of contextual criticism
2. Proved the Donation of Constantine a forgery while working for the king of Naples
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince: the supreme obligation of a ruler is to maintain the power and safety of the country
Castiglione
Defined Renaissance Man: well rounded = civilized and learned
Codex Vaticanus
Dating from the fourth century it was the best and most important manuscript of the Bible until the discover of one on Mt. Sinai in 1859
Causes of the end of the Italian Renaissance
- War
2. Waning in Italian prosperity when trade routes shift to Atlantic Ocean
Christian Humanism
Studied Latin and Greek in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality
Handbook of a Christian Night
Written by Erasmus
Said man can be civicly involved and still be a faithful Christian
Sir Thomas Moore
Wrote Utopia
Utopia
Condemnation of
- Poverty undeserved
- Wealth unearned
- Drastic punishments
- Religious persecution
- Slaughter of war
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric theory: the sun is center of the galaxy and the planets revolve around it
Johannes Kepler
The orbit of the earth is an oval
Galileo
Proves Copernicus’s theories when he invents and uses telescope
Andreas Versalius
Wrote On the Structure of the Human Body
First anatomical guide