Chapter 9: Solutions Flashcards
Solutions are _______ mixtures of two or more substances
homogeneous
_____ form when there is sufficient attraction between the solute and solvent molecules
solutions
____ have two components: the _____ which is present in much a much larger amount, and the _____, present in a smaller amount
Solutions, solvent, solute
Solutes may be _____, _____, or _____
liquids, gases, or solids
_____ are spread evenly throughout the solution
Solutes
______ mix with solvents, so the ____ and solvent have the same physical state
Solutes
_____ cannot be separated by filtration, but can be separated by _______
Solutes, evaporation
Are solutes visible? ___, but can give the ____ a color.
No, but can give color to a solution
What is one of the most common solvents in nature?
Water
Why is water a polar molecule?
Because of Polar O—-H bonds
____ molecules form hydrogen bonds
water
“like dissolves like” this refers to which rule?
Solutions will form when the solute and solvent have similar polarities
Is Methanol a polar molecular compound?
Yes (CHv3——-OH)
A 0.9% NaCl solution is _____ with the solute concentration of the blood cells of the body
Isotonic
_____ are transparent, do not separate, and contain small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered and pass through semipermeable membranes
Solutions
Are solutions transparant?
Yes
Can solutions separate?
No
What contains small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered, and pass through semipermeable membranes?
Solutions
_______ have medium sized particles, cannot be filtered, and can be separated by semipermeable membranes
Colloids
Can colloids be separated by semipermeable membranes?
Yes
Can colloids be filtered?
No
Colloids have which size particles?
Medium-sized
_______ are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures, have very large particles that settle out of solution, can be filtered, and must be stirred to stay suspended
Suspensions
One example of suspensions?
Blood platelets
Muddy water and calamine lotion are examples of ________
suspensions
Do suspensions state suspended no matter what?
No, they need to be stirred
Are suspensions heterogeneous or homo?
Hetero
What size particles do suspensions contain?
Large, very large
Can suspensions be filtered?
Yes
In _______, water flows from a lower solute concentration to a higher concentration
Osmosis
Water, a solvent, flows from a lower to a higher solute concentration. This is called _____
osmosis
In osmosis, the level of the solutions with the higher concentration ____
rises
In ______, the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time
osmosis
____ _____ is equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution
Osmotic pressure
_____ _____ is greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases
Osmotic pressure
An _____ _____ exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells.
isotonic solution
An _____ _____ of 5.0%(m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl is a typical _____ _____
Isotonic solution x 2
Name a typical isotonic solution of glucose
5.0% (m/v)
Name a typical isotonic solution of NaCl
.90%(m/v)
A _____ _____ has a lower solute concentration than RBC’s (red blood cells)
hypotonic solution
A _____ _____ means water flows INTO cells by osmosis
Hypotonic solution
With a hypotonic solution, the increase in fluid causes the RBC’s to swell and burst, which is a condition called ______
Hemolysis
A _____ ______ has a higher solute concentration than RBC’s.
Hypertonic solution
A hypertonic solution causes ______, in which RBC’s shrink in size
crenation
In a hypertonic solution, water goes out of the cells by ______, and this causes crenation.
osmosis
In _______, solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.
dialysis
In ______, large particles are retained inside
dialysis
In ______, waste particles, such as urea from blood, are removed using _______ (artificial kidney)
Dialysis, hemodialysis
- solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.
- Large particles are retained inside
- Waste particles are removed using hemodialysis. These are characteristics of _______
dialysis
Indicate whether each of the following is isotonic, hypo, or hyper:
- 2% NaCl sol
- 1% glucose sol
- 0.5% NaCl sol
- 5% glucose sol
- hyper
- hypo
- hypo
- isotonic
Indicate whether there is no change, hemolysis occurs, or crenation occurs:
- 5% glucose
- 1% glucose
- 0.5% NaCl
- 2% NaCl
- No change (iso)
- hemolysis
- hemolysis
- crenation
_____ electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, producing positive and negative ions
Strong electrolytes
____ electrolytes form solutions that conduct an electric current strong enough to light a bulb
Strong
____ electrolytes dissociate only slightly in water
weak
____ electrolytes form a solution with a few ions and mostly ions from undissociated molecules
Weak
________ dissolve as molecules in water, do not produce ions in water, and do not conduct an electric current
Nonelectrolytes
What is an equivalent?
An Eq is the amount of an electrolyte or an ion that provides 1 mole of electrical charge (+ or- ). In solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the negative ions
The concentrations of electrolytes in intravenous fluids are expressed in _______ per liter (mEq/L)
milliequivalent. 1 Eq= 1,000mEq
A solution containing 25mEq/l of Na+ and 4 mEq/l of K+ has a total positive charge of? The Cl- as the only anion must also have the same concentration.
29mEq/L
_______ is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent
Solubility
______ is temperature sensitive for solutes
solubility
____ is expressed as grams of solute in grams of solvent, usually water
solubility
g of solute/100g water is the expression for ______
solubility
_______ solutions contain less than the maximum amount of solute
unsaturated
______ solutions can dissolve more solute
unsaturated
_______ solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve
saturated
______ solutions have undissolved solute at the bottom of the container
saturated
_____ solutions contain solute that dissolves as well as solute that recrystallizes in an equilibrium process
saturated
Which law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid?
Henry’s law
Which law states that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid
Henry’s law
What does Henry’s law state?
That the solubility of a gas (the ability to dissolve) in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid. And that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid. I.e soda in a soda can shaken up
The concentration of a solution is expressed as: amount of solute/amount of solution. True?
Yes
List some units of concentration
Mass percent, m/m
Volume percent (v/v)
Mass/Volume percent (m/v)
Molarity (moles solute/liters solution)
(m/m) = g of solute/g of solute + g solvent x 100%. This is _______
mass percent
What is the conversion factor for mass percent?
Mass percent = g of solute / 100g of solution
v/v = mL of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is what concentration formula?
Volume percent
m/v = g of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is the concentration formula for?
Mass/volume percent
_______ is defined as the moles of solute per volume (L) of solution.
Molarity
(Moles of solute/liter of solution) refers to _______
Molarity
M = moles of solute/liter of solution. This is _______
Molarity
A 1.0M solution of NaCl is defined as:
M= 1.0 mole NaCl/1 L solution
In ______, water is added, the volume of the solution increases but the concentration decreases, and the mass solute in the solution remains the same
Dilution
