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Chem 4 > Chapter 9: Solutions > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Solutions Flashcards

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1
Q

Solutions are _______ mixtures of two or more substances

A

homogeneous

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2
Q

_____ form when there is sufficient attraction between the solute and solvent molecules

A

solutions

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3
Q

____ have two components: the _____ which is present in much a much larger amount, and the _____, present in a smaller amount

A

Solutions, solvent, solute

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4
Q

Solutes may be _____, _____, or _____

A

liquids, gases, or solids

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5
Q

_____ are spread evenly throughout the solution

A

Solutes

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6
Q

______ mix with solvents, so the ____ and solvent have the same physical state

A

Solutes

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7
Q

_____ cannot be separated by filtration, but can be separated by _______

A

Solutes, evaporation

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8
Q

Are solutes visible? ___, but can give the ____ a color.

A

No, but can give color to a solution

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9
Q

What is one of the most common solvents in nature?

A

Water

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10
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Because of Polar O—-H bonds

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11
Q

____ molecules form hydrogen bonds

A

water

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12
Q

“like dissolves like” this refers to which rule?

A

Solutions will form when the solute and solvent have similar polarities

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13
Q

Is Methanol a polar molecular compound?

A

Yes (CHv3——-OH)

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14
Q

A 0.9% NaCl solution is _____ with the solute concentration of the blood cells of the body

A

Isotonic

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15
Q

_____ are transparent, do not separate, and contain small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered and pass through semipermeable membranes

A

Solutions

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16
Q

Are solutions transparant?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Can solutions separate?

A

No

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18
Q

What contains small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered, and pass through semipermeable membranes?

A

Solutions

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19
Q

_______ have medium sized particles, cannot be filtered, and can be separated by semipermeable membranes

A

Colloids

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20
Q

Can colloids be separated by semipermeable membranes?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Can colloids be filtered?

A

No

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22
Q

Colloids have which size particles?

A

Medium-sized

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23
Q

_______ are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures, have very large particles that settle out of solution, can be filtered, and must be stirred to stay suspended

A

Suspensions

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24
Q

One example of suspensions?

A

Blood platelets

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25
Q

Muddy water and calamine lotion are examples of ________

A

suspensions

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26
Q

Do suspensions state suspended no matter what?

A

No, they need to be stirred

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27
Q

Are suspensions heterogeneous or homo?

A

Hetero

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28
Q

What size particles do suspensions contain?

A

Large, very large

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29
Q

Can suspensions be filtered?

A

Yes

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30
Q

In _______, water flows from a lower solute concentration to a higher concentration

A

Osmosis

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31
Q

Water, a solvent, flows from a lower to a higher solute concentration. This is called _____

A

osmosis

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32
Q

In osmosis, the level of the solutions with the higher concentration ____

A

rises

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33
Q

In ______, the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time

A

osmosis

34
Q

____ _____ is equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution

A

Osmotic pressure

35
Q

_____ _____ is greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases

A

Osmotic pressure

36
Q

An _____ _____ exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells.

A

isotonic solution

37
Q

An _____ _____ of 5.0%(m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl is a typical _____ _____

A

Isotonic solution x 2

38
Q

Name a typical isotonic solution of glucose

A

5.0% (m/v)

39
Q

Name a typical isotonic solution of NaCl

A

.90%(m/v)

40
Q

A _____ _____ has a lower solute concentration than RBC’s (red blood cells)

A

hypotonic solution

41
Q

A _____ _____ means water flows INTO cells by osmosis

A

Hypotonic solution

42
Q

With a hypotonic solution, the increase in fluid causes the RBC’s to swell and burst, which is a condition called ______

A

Hemolysis

43
Q

A _____ ______ has a higher solute concentration than RBC’s.

A

Hypertonic solution

44
Q

A hypertonic solution causes ______, in which RBC’s shrink in size

A

crenation

45
Q

In a hypertonic solution, water goes out of the cells by ______, and this causes crenation.

A

osmosis

46
Q

In _______, solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.

A

dialysis

47
Q

In ______, large particles are retained inside

A

dialysis

48
Q

In ______, waste particles, such as urea from blood, are removed using _______ (artificial kidney)

A

Dialysis, hemodialysis

49
Q
  • solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.
  • Large particles are retained inside
  • Waste particles are removed using hemodialysis. These are characteristics of _______
A

dialysis

50
Q

Indicate whether each of the following is isotonic, hypo, or hyper:

  1. 2% NaCl sol
  2. 1% glucose sol
  3. 0.5% NaCl sol
  4. 5% glucose sol
A
  1. hyper
  2. hypo
  3. hypo
  4. isotonic
51
Q

Indicate whether there is no change, hemolysis occurs, or crenation occurs:

  1. 5% glucose
  2. 1% glucose
  3. 0.5% NaCl
  4. 2% NaCl
A
  1. No change (iso)
  2. hemolysis
  3. hemolysis
  4. crenation
52
Q

_____ electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, producing positive and negative ions

A

Strong electrolytes

53
Q

____ electrolytes form solutions that conduct an electric current strong enough to light a bulb

A

Strong

54
Q

____ electrolytes dissociate only slightly in water

A

weak

55
Q

____ electrolytes form a solution with a few ions and mostly ions from undissociated molecules

A

Weak

56
Q

________ dissolve as molecules in water, do not produce ions in water, and do not conduct an electric current

A

Nonelectrolytes

57
Q

What is an equivalent?

A

An Eq is the amount of an electrolyte or an ion that provides 1 mole of electrical charge (+ or- ). In solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the negative ions

58
Q

The concentrations of electrolytes in intravenous fluids are expressed in _______ per liter (mEq/L)

A

milliequivalent. 1 Eq= 1,000mEq

59
Q

A solution containing 25mEq/l of Na+ and 4 mEq/l of K+ has a total positive charge of? The Cl- as the only anion must also have the same concentration.

A

29mEq/L

60
Q

_______ is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent

A

Solubility

61
Q

______ is temperature sensitive for solutes

A

solubility

62
Q

____ is expressed as grams of solute in grams of solvent, usually water

A

solubility

63
Q

g of solute/100g water is the expression for ______

A

solubility

64
Q

_______ solutions contain less than the maximum amount of solute

A

unsaturated

65
Q

______ solutions can dissolve more solute

A

unsaturated

66
Q

_______ solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve

A

saturated

67
Q

______ solutions have undissolved solute at the bottom of the container

A

saturated

68
Q

_____ solutions contain solute that dissolves as well as solute that recrystallizes in an equilibrium process

A

saturated

69
Q

Which law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid?

A

Henry’s law

70
Q

Which law states that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid

A

Henry’s law

71
Q

What does Henry’s law state?

A

That the solubility of a gas (the ability to dissolve) in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid. And that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid. I.e soda in a soda can shaken up

72
Q

The concentration of a solution is expressed as: amount of solute/amount of solution. True?

A

Yes

73
Q

List some units of concentration

A

Mass percent, m/m
Volume percent (v/v)
Mass/Volume percent (m/v)
Molarity (moles solute/liters solution)

74
Q

(m/m) = g of solute/g of solute + g solvent x 100%. This is _______

A

mass percent

75
Q

What is the conversion factor for mass percent?

A

Mass percent = g of solute / 100g of solution

76
Q

v/v = mL of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is what concentration formula?

A

Volume percent

77
Q

m/v = g of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is the concentration formula for?

A

Mass/volume percent

78
Q

_______ is defined as the moles of solute per volume (L) of solution.

A

Molarity

79
Q

(Moles of solute/liter of solution) refers to _______

A

Molarity

80
Q

M = moles of solute/liter of solution. This is _______

A

Molarity

81
Q

A 1.0M solution of NaCl is defined as:

A

M= 1.0 mole NaCl/1 L solution

82
Q

In ______, water is added, the volume of the solution increases but the concentration decreases, and the mass solute in the solution remains the same

A

Dilution

Chem 4 (15 decks)

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