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Chem 4 > Chapter 13: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are a major source of ______

A

energy

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of _______, ______, and _______

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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3
Q

Carbohydrates are also called ______

A

saccharides

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4
Q

_________: the simplest carbs

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

_______: two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

______: contain many monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

_______: consist of 3-7 carbon chains with one carbon in a carbonyl group

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

When is a monoS classified as an aldose?

A

When they contain an aldehyde group

H-C=O

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9
Q

When is a monoS classified as a ketose?

A

When they contain a ketone (C=O)

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10
Q

MonoS have hydroxyl groups on all carbons except the ______ carbon

A

carbonyl

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11
Q

Carbs, such as glucose are produced by ________ in plants

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

Glucose is synthesized in plants from CO2, _____, and energy from the sun

A

H2O

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13
Q

Glucose is oxidized in the living cells to produce ____, _____, and energy

A

CO2, H2O

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14
Q

when mirror images of organic molecules cannot be completely matched, they are ______

A

chiral

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15
Q

When mirror images of molecules are identical and superimposable, the molecules are _____

A

achiral

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16
Q

Molecules are chiral when they have at least one or more ______ carbon atoms

A

chiral

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17
Q

To be chiral, a carbon atom must be bonded to _____ DIFFERENT groups

A

four

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18
Q

Chiral carbon atoms are known as ______

A

enantiomers

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19
Q

D or L isomers are assigned according to the position of the _____ group on the chiral carbon FARTHEST from the carbonyl carbon (H-C=O)

A

-OH

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20
Q

The letter __ is assigned to the structure with the -OH on the left

A

L…..left…

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21
Q

The letter __ is assigned to the structure with the -OH on the right

A

D. Left is L, so think opposite.

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22
Q

Why is chirality important in biological molecules?

A

The enantiomers interact with its enzymes or receptors. the other is inactive. The chiral receptor fits the arrangement of the substituents in only one enantiomer. It’s mirror image does not fit properly.

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23
Q

freebie: Chirality is important because L-dopa, which can convert to dopamine in the brain helps Parkinson’s patients. However, it’s enantiomer, D-dopa, is not effective for the treatment of parkinson’s disease because while they’re almost identical, the slight difference means everything.

A

:)

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24
Q

A _____ _____ is used to represent carbohydrates. The projection places the most oxidized group at the top

A

Fischer proj.

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25
Q

A Fischer projection shows the chiral carbons where?

A

At the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines

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26
Q

Where is the CH2OH group on the Fischer projections?

A

At the bottom.

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27
Q

What is D-glucose found in?

A

Corn syrup, honey, and fruits

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28
Q

Is D-glucose an aldose or ketose?

A

aldose

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29
Q

C6H12O6 and an aldohexose. What am I?

A

D-Glucose

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30
Q

What is another name for glucose?

A

Dextrose

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31
Q

Is dextrose known as blood sugar in the body?

A

yes

32
Q

Which sugar is known as the building block in sucrose, lactose, maltose, and polysaccharides such as cellulose and glycogen?

A

glucose

33
Q

D-fructose, obtained from _____, is a ketohexose with the formula C_H_O_

A

sucrose, C6H12O6

34
Q

What is the sweetest carbohydrate? (twice as sweet as sucrose)

A

D-fructose

35
Q

Honey is composed of:

A

D-glucose and D-fructose

36
Q

What is galactose obtained from?

A

Lactose, a disacch.

37
Q

How is galactose different from glucose, in terms of structure?

A

The -OH on the 4th carbon

38
Q

The most stable forms of pentose and hexose sugars are ____ or ___ atom rings

A

5 or six atom rings

39
Q

The most stable forms of pentose and hexose sugars are five or six atom rings. These rings, known as ________ structures, are produced from the reaction of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule

A

Haworth

40
Q

The reaction of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group in the same molecule produces what?

A

A Haworth Structure

41
Q

A Haworth structure is just the Fischer structure turned clockwise by how many degrees?

A

90

42
Q

When does the molecule have an alpha isomer?

A

When the -OH group on the molecule is below the ring in a Haworth structure.

43
Q

When does the molecule have a beta isomer?

A

When the -Oh group on the molecule is above the ring in a Haworth structure

44
Q

Freebie: the best way to memorize when a molecule has an a- or b- isomer is to remember this: Boobs and ass. The boobs are on top, and the ass is on the bottom. A- isomers are on the bottom, and B-isomers are on top. So if the -OH is above the ring, your staring at a a (b)oob isomer.

A

(-:

45
Q

Is fructose a ketose or aldose?

A

ketose

46
Q

Reducing sugars get ______

A

oxidized

47
Q

Monosaccharides have an _____ group with an adjacent hydroxyl group that can be oxidized to carboxylic acid by an oxidizing agent such as benedicts solution

A

aldehyde

48
Q

A carbohydrate that reduces another substance is called a _____ sugar

A

reducing

49
Q

If aldose sugars are oxidized, why does fructose oxidize if its a ketose?

A

Because fructose can be converted to glucose, which produces an aldehyde group with an adjacent -OH and can then be oxidized.

50
Q

The reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides(H-C=O to CH2OH at the top), produces sugar alcohols, also called______

A

alditols

51
Q

The reduction of the carbonyl group in monoS’s converts D-glucose to the sugar alcohol D-_____

A

sorbitol

52
Q

Is lactose a Mono or Disachh?

A

Discaccharide

53
Q

Lactose is composed of which two monosacch?

A

Galactose and glucose

54
Q

A disaccharide is formed when two monosacch’s combine in a _____ reaction

A

dehydration

55
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose +H2O

56
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose +H2O

57
Q

Glucose + fructose=

A

Sucrose +H2O

58
Q

Table sugar is _____

A

sucrose

59
Q

Can sucrose be reduced? Why?

A

No, because it cannot form an open chain

60
Q

Malt sugar is _____

A

maltose

61
Q

Splenda is called _____

A

sucralose

62
Q

Are lactose and maltose reducing sugars?

A

Yes

63
Q

Aspartame is a ______ sweetener made of aspartate and a methyl ester of the amino acid phenylalanine

A

non-carbohydrate

64
Q

Polysaccharides are formed when ______ are joined together

A

monosaccharides

65
Q

Amylose, amylopectin and cellulose are ________, and are polymers of ______

A

polysaccharides, polymers of a-d-glucose

66
Q

Which polysaccharide is a straight chain?

A

Amylose

67
Q

Which polysacch is a branched chain of glucose?

A

Amylopectin

68
Q

Which polysacch makes up about 20% of starch?

A

Amylose

69
Q

Even though the polymers of amylose are actually coiled in helical fashion, it is considered a ______-____ polymer

A

straight chain

70
Q

Which polysacch makes up about 80% of starch?

A

Amylopectin

71
Q

amylopectin is a _____-_____ polysacch

A

branch chained

72
Q

_____ contains glucose molecules connected by a-1,4 and a-1,6- glycosidic bonds

A

amylopectin

73
Q

Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acid to give smaller sugars, called dextrin, which then hydrolyze to _____, and then finally _____

A

maltose, and then glucose.

74
Q

______ is a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscle of animals

A

glycogen

75
Q

What is similar to amylopectin but is more highly branched?

A

Glycogen

76
Q

______, the major structural unit of wood, is a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched chains with a b-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

77
Q

Which polysacch cannot be digested by humans because we cannot break down b-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

Chem 4 (15 decks)

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