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Chem 4 > Chapter 15: Lipids > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are ______ and ______. Which one can be hydrolyzed?

A

Esters; steroids. Esters can be hydrolyzed.

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2
Q

Do steroids (lipids) contain fatty acids?

A

No

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3
Q

Do esters contain fatty acids and other molecules?

A

Yes

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4
Q

_____ are characterized by the steroid nucleus of four fused carbon rings

A

steroids

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5
Q

Waxes fats, oils, and phospholipids are _________ that can be hydrolyzed to give fatty acids

A

lipids: esters

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6
Q

Lipids are naturally occurring biomolecules which are soluble in organic solvents but not in ______

A

water

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7
Q

“Long unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at the end” what am I?

A

Fatty acids

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8
Q

How long are the chains of fatty acids?

A

12-18 carbon atoms

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9
Q

Why are fatty acids insoluble in water?

A

Because of the long carbon chains

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10
Q

Fatty acids can be __________, with only one double C=C bond in the carbon chain

A

monounsaturated

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11
Q

Fatty acids can be monounsaturated, with only one double _____ bond in the carbon chain

A

C=C

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12
Q

Which fatty acids can be drawn as cis and trans isomers?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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13
Q

True or false: almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have one or more cis double bonds?

A

Very, very true

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14
Q

Humans can or cannot synthesized sufficient amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cannot

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15
Q

Saturated fatty acids have double c=c bonds. True or false?

A

False, saturated fatty acids contain only single C-C bonds

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16
Q

______ fatty acids have higher melting points and are usually solids at room temperature

A

saturated

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17
Q

______ fatty acids have strong dispersion forces (non-polar/non-polar interactions) between long carbon chains

A

saturated

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18
Q

In _______ fatty acids, the ___ double bonds cause the carbon chain to kink or bend, giving the molecules an irregular shape

A

Unsaturated fatty acids; the cis double bonds

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19
Q

The reduced interactions in fatty acids with cis bonds _____ the melting point of the molecules

A

reduces

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20
Q

In unsaturated fatty acids, the cis double bonds cause what?

A

Causes the carbon chain to bend or kink, giving the molecules an irregular shape and allowing fewer interactions between molecules

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21
Q

______ are hormone-like substances produced in cells

A

Prostaglandins

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22
Q

Prostaglandins are also known as _____

A

eicosanoids, formed from arachidonic acids

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23
Q

when tissue is injured, _______ acid is converted to prostaglandins that produce inflammation and pain in the area

A

arachidonic

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24
Q

waxes are ______ of saturated fatty acids and long-chain alcohols, each containing from 14-30 carbon atoms

A

esters

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25
Q

What are waxes

A

Esters of saturated fatty acids, and create coats on many plants to help them be waterproof

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26
Q

________ are the major form of energy storage for animals

A

Triacylglycerols

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27
Q

Recognize the condensed structural formula of a triacylglycerol….google it or look through the lecture

A

:)

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28
Q

Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have higher melting points? Why?

A

saturated because they pack together more tightly

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29
Q

Saturated acids are usually found in _____ fat and in coconut and palm oils

A

animal

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30
Q

In ________ reactions, double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids react with hydrogen gas to produce c-c single bonds

A

Hydrogenation

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31
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids, unlike saturated, can be ____ and ____

A

cis and trans

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32
Q

Lipids with multiple hexane structures and one pentane structure are _______

A

steroids

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33
Q

What are the four sub-types under fatty acids?

A

Waxes, Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids

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34
Q

Triacylglycerols contain one long vertical _______ attached to three horizontal _____ _____

A

glycerol and three horizontal fatty acids’s (/\/\/\/\/=O\OH)

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35
Q

Waxes contain one long chained _____ and one ____ _____

A

alcohol and one fatty acid

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36
Q

Glycerophospholipids contain one long vertical ______, two horizontal ____ ______, and one horizontal _____ connected to an amino alcohol

A

glycerol, two fatty acids, and one PO4-amino alcohol

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37
Q

Which fatty acids have regular shapes, saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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38
Q

_____ ______ are long, unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic group at the end

A

fatty acids

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39
Q

Which fatty acid contains C=C bonds?

A

Unsaturated

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40
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is monounsaturated?

A

When there is only one double C=C bond.

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41
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is polyunsaturated?

A

When there are at least two C=C bonds

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42
Q

Which fatty acids can be drawn as both cis and trans isomers?

A

Unsaturated (think…unfinished, out of order. Saturated fatty acids have only cis and are regularly shaped, normal, cis = normal/average)

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43
Q

Essential fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated? Why?

A

Polyunsaturated. We cannot synthesize sufficient amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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44
Q

Saturated fatty acids fit closely together in an irregular pattern. True or false?

A

False; fit together in a regular pattern

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45
Q

Which fatty acids have higher melting points and are usually solids at room temperature? Sat or unsat?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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46
Q

In _______, the C=C bonds cause the carbon chain to bend or kink

A

unsaturated fatty acids

47
Q

Hormone-like substances produced in cells are called _________

A

prostaglandins

48
Q

Prostaglandins are also known as_______

A

eicosanoids

49
Q

eicosanoids (prostaglandins) are formed from _______ acid, which is a Mono or poly unsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms?

A

Arachidonic; polyunsaturated

50
Q

_______ differ by the substituents attached to the five carbon ring

A

prostaglandins

51
Q

List the common functions of prostaglandins

A

Lowering/raising blood pressure, and stimulating the contraction/relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus

52
Q

When tissues are injured, arachidonic acid is converted to _______ that produce inflammation and pain in the area. NSAIDS block the production of this acid.

A

Prostaglandins

53
Q

List common NSAIDS that block the production of prostaglandins

A

naproxen(aleve), ibuprofen(Advil), aspirin, and nabumetone(Relafen)

54
Q

Unsaturated fats such as those in fish and _____ ___ are recognized as more beneficial to health than saturated fats

A

vegetable oils

55
Q

Which omegas do vegetables contain? Where does the first double bond occur?

A

Omega-6 acids, and the first double bond occurs at the 6th carbon counting from the methyl end of the carbon chain (do not start at the alcohol)

56
Q

Fish have high levels of omega-___

57
Q

linolenic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoc acid are examples of which omega?

A

Omega-3 acids

58
Q

Linoleic acid is an example of which omega?

A

Omega-6 (do not confuse with omega 3 acid “linolenic”

59
Q

What is the function of omega-3 fatty acids in relation to blood clots?

A

Omega-3’s lower the tendency of blood platelets sticking together, reducing the possibility of clots

60
Q

Waxes are _______ of saturated fatty acids and long-chain ______, each containing from 14-30 carbon atoms

A

esters; alcohols

61
Q

Fatty acids are stored as _________ in the body

A

triacylglycerols

62
Q

_________ are esters of glycerol and fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols

63
Q

_________ are formed when three hydroxyl groups of glycerol reacts with the carboxyl group of three fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols

64
Q

Which fatty acid is the major form of storage for animals?

A

Triacylglycerols

65
Q

Which two oils are monounsaturated?

A

olive and peanut

66
Q

Corn, cottonseed, safflower, and sunflower seed oils are _______ because they contain large amounts of fatty acids with 2+ C=C bonds

A

polyunsaturated

67
Q

____ and _____ oil are solids at room temperature because they consist mostly of saturated fatty acids

A

palm and coconut

68
Q

Why are soft margarines and stick margarines solid instead of liquid?

A

They are produced by partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils

69
Q

In _______ reactions, double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids react with H+ to produce c-c bonds

A

hydrogenation

70
Q

What is the most important result from hydrogenation?

A

C=C becomes c-c

71
Q

What happens to a small number of cis double bonds during hydrogenation?

A

They become trans C=C, causing a change in the structure of the fatty acids

72
Q

In the body, trans fatty acids behave like ______ fatty acids and do what to cholesterol?

A

Saturated; raise LDL-cholesterol(good kind) and lower HDL-cholesterol (bad kind)

73
Q

Hydrolysis causes triacylglycerols to do what?

A

Split into glycerol and three fatty acids.

74
Q

What is needed for hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to occur?

A

A strong acid(HCL or H2SO4) or digested enzymes called lipases

75
Q

What is the reaction of a fat with a strong base such as NaOh in the presence of heat called?

A

Saponifiation

76
Q

What does saponification do?

A

Splits triacylglycerols into glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids

77
Q

________ is the process of forming “soaps” (salts of fatty acids)

A

Saponification

78
Q

Which strong base gives soaps more solidity and the ability to mold into different shapes?

79
Q

Which strong base gives softer, liquid soaps?

80
Q

___________ are similar to triacylglycerols

A

phospholipids

81
Q

How many fatty acids do glycerophospholipids contain?

82
Q

In glycerophospholipids, two fatty acids form ____ bonds with the first and second hydroxyl groups of glycerol

83
Q

Glycerophospholipids contain a ______ group that forms an ester with phosphoric acid, which forms another ______ bond with an amino alcohol

A

hydroxyl; phosphor-ester bond

84
Q

Choline, erine, and ethanolamine are _____ _____ found in glycerophospholipids

A

amino alcohols

85
Q

______ and _____ are two types of glycerophospholipids that are abundant in brain and nerve tissues, and found in egg yolk, wheat germs, and yeast

A

Lecithin and cephalin

86
Q

Glyco-phos have both ____ and ____ regions, allowing them to interact with the similar substances

A

polar and non-plar

87
Q

G-phospholipids have a _____ head containing the ionized amino alcohol.

88
Q

_______ are the most abundant lipids in cell membranes and play an important role in cellular permeability

A

g-phospholipids

89
Q

High and low density ______ transport cholesterol between the tissues and the liver

A

lipoproteins

90
Q

What does a steroid nucleus consist of?

A

Three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring

91
Q

At what positions are the two methyl groups at in a steroid nucleus?

92
Q

What is the most abundant and important steroid in the body?

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

Where is the double bond in cholesterol?

A

Between carbons 5 and 6

94
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group in cholesterol?

A

On carbon 3

95
Q

The methyl groups in cholesterol are on what carbons?

96
Q

Which cholesterol carbon has an alkyl chain?

97
Q

Cholesterol is obtained from which items?

A

Eggs, meat, and milk

98
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized in the ____

99
Q

What is cholesterol needed for?

A

cell membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones ,and vitamin D

100
Q

Bile salts are synthesized in the ____ from cholesterol but are found and stored in the ______

A

liver; gallbladder

101
Q

Do bile salts have only polar regions?

A

No, they have polar and non polar regions that act like soaps to make fat soluble in water

102
Q

What is the function of bile salt?

A

Helps absorb cholesterol

103
Q

What is the predominant form of cholesterol in the blood called?

A

Cholesteryl esters

104
Q

What do lipoproteins do?

A

Surround non-polar lipids with polar lipids and protein for transport to cells

105
Q

Are lipoproteins soluble in water? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because the surface consists of polar lipids

106
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

HDL and LDL transport nonpolar lipids and cholesterol to cells and liver

107
Q

Steroid hormones are produced from ______

A

cholesterol

108
Q

The two male hormones are:

A

testosterone and androsterone

109
Q

The two female hormones are:

A

Estrogen and progesterone

110
Q

Adrenal corticosteroids from the adrenal glands are considered _____ ______

A

steroid hormones

111
Q

Adrenal corticosteroids include ____ and _____

A

aldosterone and cortisone

112
Q

Function of cortisone:

A

increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver

113
Q

Function of aldosterone:

A

Regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys

Chem 4 (15 decks)

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