Chapter 9 powerpoint pt. 1 Flashcards
What is the social construction of race?
Aracial projectis simultaneously an interpretation, representation, or explanation ofracialdynamics, and an effort to reorganize and redistribute resources along particular raciallines.
What is the difference between race, ethnicity, and nationality?
Race is imposed (usually based on physical differences), hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal.
Ethnicity is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not so closely linked with power differences.
Nationality, is the status of belonging to a particular nation. Legal relationship between a person and a state. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state.
How has the term white changed over time?
- In the US, race was somewhat inclusive category in the late eighteenth century (Slavic, Celtic, German)
- More narrowly defined in the mid- to late nineteenth century ( Irish = inferior race to Whites)
- Shifted back to a broader definition in the mid-twentieth century (black vs. white).
______ _________theory is an analytical tool in sociology, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance ofracial categories are determined by social, economic and political forces.
Racial formation
Racial formationtheory is an analytical tool in sociology, which is used to look at race as a _______ __________ identity, where the content and importance ofracial categories are determined by social, economic and political forces.
socially constructed
Racial formationtheory is an analytical tool in sociology, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance ofracial categories are determined by _______, __________ and ________ forces.
social
economic
political
Racial Formationtheory is an _________ tool in ________, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance ofracial categories are determined by social, economic and political forces.
analytical
sociology
What are the different types of scientific racism?
- Social Darwinism
- Phrenology
- Eeugenics
- one-drop rule
What is scientific racism?
theories of race that characterize a period of intense investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race.
What is a mestizo?
European and Native-American mixed people who make up a majority of Mexico
Another nineteenth-century theory, was the notion that some groups or races evolved more than others and were better fit to survive and even rule other races.
Social Darwinism
Phrenology, from Greek, ______ = “mind” & logos = “____________”
phrēn
knowledge
Phrenology, from Greek, phrēn = “_____” & ______ = “knowledge”
mind
logos
Phrenology focuses on measurements of the _______ _____.
human skull
___________ focuses on measurements of the human skull.
Phrenology
A pseudoscience primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules.
phrenology
Eugenics claimed that traits could be traced through bloodlines and bred into populations (for _________ traits) or out of them (for _________ traits).
positive
negative
_________ claimed that traits could be traced through bloodlines and bred into ___________ (for positive traits) or out of them (for negative traits).
Eugenics
populations
Eugenics became popular in the early ___th century.
20th
How did eugenics affect policy in the US?
Influenced immigration policy in the early twentieth century as undesirable populations were kept out of the country so as not to pollute the “native” (i.e., white) population.
What is the one-drop rule?
was the belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black.
What is Miscegenation ?
the technical term for a interracial/multiracial marriage.
Miscegenation was illegal throughout some states in the United States until _____, when the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled, in Loving vs. Virginia, that anti-miscegenation laws are unconstitutional.
1967
Miscegenation was illegal throughout some states in the United States until 1967, when the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled, in _______ vs. _______, that anti-miscegenation laws are unconstitutional.
Loving
Virginia
___________ was illegal throughout some states in the United States until 1967, when the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled, in Loving vs. Virginia, that anti-miscegenation laws are unconstitutional.
Miscegenation
Symbolic ethnicity is ethnicity that is ____________ in nature and without real ______ _____ for the individual.
individualistic
social cost
________ ________ is ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual.
Symbolic ethnicity
True or False: Symbolic ethnicity is selectively used, identity must be assumed all the time.
False; Symbolic ethnicity is selectively used, identity must not assumed all the time.
__________ is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
Segregation
Segregation is the _____ or ______ practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
legal
social
Segregation is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their _____ or ________.
race
ethnicity
Segregation was official policy in the United States, particularly in the South, until the _____s.
1960s
Despite segregation being illegal for over 40 years, there is still ample evidence of segregation in American society today, particularly in ________, ________, and ________.
schools
housing
prisons
What is the difference between institutional racism and structural racism?
Institutional Racism refers to social and political institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups and limit access to resources.
Structural Racism involves institutions AND cultural representations.
Institutional racism is not racism by __________ or _______ ______ groups.
individuals
informal social
Institutional racism is racism through _________.
institutions
Institutional racism is reflected in disparities regarding_______ _______, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education.
criminal justice
Institutional racism is reflected in disparities regardingcriminal justice, employment, housing, ______ _____, political power, and education.
health care
Institutional racism is reflected in disparities regardingcriminal justice, ___________, housing, health care, political power, and _________.
employment
education
Institutional racism is reflected in disparities regardingcriminal justice, employment, _______, health care, _______ _______, and education.
housing
political power
True or False: institutional racism is Implicit, unnoticed, and often overlooked.
True
Structural racism is _______ and _______ that have allowed privileges associated with “whiteness” and disadvantages associated with “color” to endure and adapt over time.
history
culture
_________ racism is history and culture that have allowed privileges associated with “whiteness” and disadvantages associated with “color” to endure and adapt over time.
Structural
Structural racism has been a feature of the ______, ________, and _______ systems in which we all exist.
social
economic
political
Structural racism is seen in all same areas as institutional racism, but also in ______ ________ and _______ representations about race.
public discourse
media
