Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
At what age is middle childhood?
6-12 years old
Growth patterns in middle childhood
5 cm to 8cm in height and about ____ kg are added each year.
2.75
_____ in middle childhood are ahead of ____ in their overall rate of growth.
girls, boys
Sex differences in skeletal and muscular maturation cause girls (on average) to be better coordinated but _______ slower and somewhat physically weaker than boys.
physically
By age ___, girls have attained about 93% of their adult height, while boys have reached only 84% of theirs.
12
In middle childhood, there’s a steady ______ in the myelinization of neural axons across the cerebral cortex.
increase
Right hemisphere lateralization contributes to increased ______ perception
spatial
_______ ________ is the ability to infer rules and make predictions about the movement of objects in space- where things are in relation to each other.
This improves in middle childhood
Boys score better than girls do in this tests.
Spatial cognition
______ ______ ______ (BMI) measures the proportion of body fat to lean body mass.
Body Mass Index
One quarter of Canadian children between ages __ and __ now have unhealthy/suboptimal body weights.
5 and 11
Obesity results from __________ and ________ factors
environmental and genetic
This is Piaget’s proposed stage in middle childhood
Kids at this age become more logical about concrete and specific things but they still struggle with abstract ideas.
Concrete Operational stage
_________ ________ - a set of mental schemes such as reversibility, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and serial ordering, that enable children to understand relationships among objects.
Concrete operations
_________ logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle.
Inductive
This is a term wherein children in this concrete operations period realize that physical properties stay the same even when outward appearances change.
Conservation
_________ is thinking that takes multiple variables into account. ( A clay ball rolled into a sausage shape is wider but is also shorter than before)
Decentration
In ________ _________ (reversibility), you are seeing the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed. They can now retrace their thinking.
reversible thinking
__________ _________ is a term where children can now flexibly group objects into hierarchies and they are consistent in how they group the objects into those hierarchies.
Hierarchical classification
In __________, the child now has an overall plan when they’re arranging the sticks. You would see the, organize smallest to largest.
seriation
________ _________(Inductive logic) allows the child to go from a specific experience to a general principle
ex: If A=B, B=C, then A=C
Transitive Inference
_________ _________ is a term when children are able to do distance and speed problems and also create cognitive maps much better than before.
ex: they aren’t making errors in the problem about the trains.
Spatial Operations
In this phenomenon, Piaget said that it takes children years to apply their new cognitive abilities to all kinds of problems.
- shift from preoperational to operational thinking doe snot happen overnight.
- children shift back and forth between preoperational and concrete operational.
Horizontal Decalage
Robert Siegler, a neo-Piagetian, suggests there are no stages, only _________
problem solving rules emerge from experience and trial and error rather than being specifically linked to age.
sequences
_________ is increasing with age.
Memory
_________ ________ is the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity increases steadily with age.
the faster you can process information= the more efficient you’re gonna be
Processing Efficiency
_________ is the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity is achieved through practice.
This frees up short-term memory space for more complex processing
Automaticity
___________ skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems are based on knowing how the mind works.
Information-processing
At age ___ or ___ kids use semantic organization
9 or 10
The ___(more/less) knowledge a person has about a topic, the more efficiently their information-processing system will work, despite age.
more
This strategy used in remembering is either mental or vocal repetition. May occur in children as young as 2 years under some conditions, and is common in older children and adults.
Rehearsal
This strategy used in remembering,
grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters to help in remembering them, such as “all animals”, or “the ingredients in the lasagna recipe”
This strategy is more easily applied to something a person has experience with or particular knowledge about.
Organization
This strategy used in remembering is finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things that need to be remembered.
Elaboration
This strategy used in remembering is a device to assist memory;
ex: the phrase for the notes of the lines on the musical staff (“Every Good Boy Does Fine”)
Mnemonic
This strategy used in remembering, “scanning” one’s memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might be found.
3 and 4 year old children can begin to do this when they search for actual objects in the real world, but they are not good at doing this memory.
Systematic searching
During middle childhood, children learn to use ____ correctly, maintain the topic of conversation, create unambiguous sentences, and to speak politely or persuasively.
tense
Children continue to add new vocabulary at the rate of _______ to _____ words per year
5,000 to 10,000
By age __ or __, the child shifts to a new level of understanding of the structure of language.
- figuring out the relationship between whole categories of words, such as between adjectives and adverbs or between adjectives and nouns.
8 or 9
______ is the ability to read and write, is the focus of education in the 6- to 12-year-old period.
Literacy
_________ __________ is a child’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they’re acquiring.
- continues to increase and serve as foundation for later reading skills.
Phonological awareness
An effective reading program includes ______ and _____ phonics
systematic (reading instructions should begin with simple instruction and move on to more complex instruction
and
explicit (the letter-sound correspondences should be taught internally)
Advocates of the _____ approach to reading instruction note that teachers must move beyond basic phonics and you also need guided reading at level slightly beyond the child’s current reading level.
balanced
Emotional intelligence may contribute to general intelligence by helping us recognize what information is _________.
important
This component of emotional intelligence is how accurately a person can identify emotional expressions in photographs
Ability to perceive emotions
This component of emotional intelligence is about how to deal with a distressed friend
Use emotions to facilitate thoughts
