Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
At what age is middle childhood?
6-12 years old
Growth patterns in middle childhood
5 cm to 8cm in height and about ____ kg are added each year.
2.75
_____ in middle childhood are ahead of ____ in their overall rate of growth.
girls, boys
Sex differences in skeletal and muscular maturation cause girls (on average) to be better coordinated but _______ slower and somewhat physically weaker than boys.
physically
By age ___, girls have attained about 93% of their adult height, while boys have reached only 84% of theirs.
12
In middle childhood, there’s a steady ______ in the myelinization of neural axons across the cerebral cortex.
increase
Right hemisphere lateralization contributes to increased ______ perception
spatial
_______ ________ is the ability to infer rules and make predictions about the movement of objects in space- where things are in relation to each other.
This improves in middle childhood
Boys score better than girls do in this tests.
Spatial cognition
______ ______ ______ (BMI) measures the proportion of body fat to lean body mass.
Body Mass Index
One quarter of Canadian children between ages __ and __ now have unhealthy/suboptimal body weights.
5 and 11
Obesity results from __________ and ________ factors
environmental and genetic
This is Piaget’s proposed stage in middle childhood
Kids at this age become more logical about concrete and specific things but they still struggle with abstract ideas.
Concrete Operational stage
_________ ________ - a set of mental schemes such as reversibility, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and serial ordering, that enable children to understand relationships among objects.
Concrete operations
_________ logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle.
Inductive
This is a term wherein children in this concrete operations period realize that physical properties stay the same even when outward appearances change.
Conservation
_________ is thinking that takes multiple variables into account. ( A clay ball rolled into a sausage shape is wider but is also shorter than before)
Decentration
In ________ _________ (reversibility), you are seeing the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed. They can now retrace their thinking.
reversible thinking
__________ _________ is a term where children can now flexibly group objects into hierarchies and they are consistent in how they group the objects into those hierarchies.
Hierarchical classification
In __________, the child now has an overall plan when they’re arranging the sticks. You would see the, organize smallest to largest.
seriation
________ _________(Inductive logic) allows the child to go from a specific experience to a general principle
ex: If A=B, B=C, then A=C
Transitive Inference
_________ _________ is a term when children are able to do distance and speed problems and also create cognitive maps much better than before.
ex: they aren’t making errors in the problem about the trains.
Spatial Operations
In this phenomenon, Piaget said that it takes children years to apply their new cognitive abilities to all kinds of problems.
- shift from preoperational to operational thinking doe snot happen overnight.
- children shift back and forth between preoperational and concrete operational.
Horizontal Decalage
Robert Siegler, a neo-Piagetian, suggests there are no stages, only _________
problem solving rules emerge from experience and trial and error rather than being specifically linked to age.
sequences
_________ is increasing with age.
Memory
_________ ________ is the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity increases steadily with age.
the faster you can process information= the more efficient you’re gonna be
Processing Efficiency
_________ is the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity is achieved through practice.
This frees up short-term memory space for more complex processing
Automaticity
___________ skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems are based on knowing how the mind works.
Information-processing
At age ___ or ___ kids use semantic organization
9 or 10
The ___(more/less) knowledge a person has about a topic, the more efficiently their information-processing system will work, despite age.
more
This strategy used in remembering is either mental or vocal repetition. May occur in children as young as 2 years under some conditions, and is common in older children and adults.
Rehearsal
This strategy used in remembering,
grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters to help in remembering them, such as “all animals”, or “the ingredients in the lasagna recipe”
This strategy is more easily applied to something a person has experience with or particular knowledge about.
Organization
This strategy used in remembering is finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things that need to be remembered.
Elaboration
This strategy used in remembering is a device to assist memory;
ex: the phrase for the notes of the lines on the musical staff (“Every Good Boy Does Fine”)
Mnemonic
This strategy used in remembering, “scanning” one’s memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might be found.
3 and 4 year old children can begin to do this when they search for actual objects in the real world, but they are not good at doing this memory.
Systematic searching
During middle childhood, children learn to use ____ correctly, maintain the topic of conversation, create unambiguous sentences, and to speak politely or persuasively.
tense
Children continue to add new vocabulary at the rate of _______ to _____ words per year
5,000 to 10,000
By age __ or __, the child shifts to a new level of understanding of the structure of language.
- figuring out the relationship between whole categories of words, such as between adjectives and adverbs or between adjectives and nouns.
8 or 9
______ is the ability to read and write, is the focus of education in the 6- to 12-year-old period.
Literacy
_________ __________ is a child’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they’re acquiring.
- continues to increase and serve as foundation for later reading skills.
Phonological awareness
An effective reading program includes ______ and _____ phonics
systematic (reading instructions should begin with simple instruction and move on to more complex instruction
and
explicit (the letter-sound correspondences should be taught internally)
Advocates of the _____ approach to reading instruction note that teachers must move beyond basic phonics and you also need guided reading at level slightly beyond the child’s current reading level.
balanced
Emotional intelligence may contribute to general intelligence by helping us recognize what information is _________.
important
This component of emotional intelligence is how accurately a person can identify emotional expressions in photographs
Ability to perceive emotions
This component of emotional intelligence is about how to deal with a distressed friend
Use emotions to facilitate thoughts
This component of emotional intelligence is about knowing what conditions are likely to change one’s emotional state.
Understand emotions
This component of emotional intelligence is about being able to perform well or to be able to get along with others.
Manage emotions
What are the three components of Daniel Goleman’s theory of intelligence?
- Awareness of our own emotions
- The ability to express our emotions appropriately
- The capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals.
According to Robert Sternberg, __________ is the mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life.
Intelligence
What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s Theory of Triarchic Intelligence?
- Analytical intelligence
- Creative intelligence
- Practical intelligence
_________ (Componential) intelligence is a person’s ability to come up with effective strategies.
- mental steps or components used to solve problems
Analytical
_________ (Contextual) intelligence has to do with knowing the right behavior for a specific situation
- ability to read and adapt to everyday life.
Practical
_________ (Experiential) intelligence involves learning to give specific responses without thinking about them.
- use of experience in ways that foster insight
Creative
What are the 8 types of intelligence according to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence?
- Linguistic
- Logical/mathematical
- Musical
- Spatial
- Bodily/kinesthetic
- Naturalist
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to use language effectively
Linguistic
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is a facility with numbers and logical problem-solving
Logical/Mathematical
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to appreciate and produce music
Musical
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to appreciate spatial relationships
Spatial
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to move in a coordinated way combined with a sense of one’s body in space.
Bodily/kinesthetic
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to make fine discriminations among flora and fauna of the natural world or patterns and designs of human artifacts.
Naturalist
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the sensitivity to the behavior, moods, and needs of others.
Interpersonal
This type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner is the ability to understand oneself
Intrapersonal
Comparisons of overall IQ tests scores for boys and girls _____(do/do not) reveal consistent differences
do not
In this category of exceptionality,
- conduct disorders
- social maladjustment
- ADHD
- emotional disorders
Behavior disorders
In this category of exceptionality,
- language impairment
- speech impairment
- learning disability
Communication disorders
In this category of exceptionality,
- deafness and hearing impairment
- blindness and low vision
Sensory impairments
In this category of exceptionality,
- giftedness
- mild intellectual disability
- developmental disability
Intellectual differences
In this category of exceptionality,
- childhood psychosis
- childhood schizophrenia
- infantile autism
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
In this category of exceptionality,
- neurological defects
- physical disability
- conditions that result from infection and disease
Physical disorders and impaired health
In this category of exceptionality,
- multiple exceptionalities from any categories
Multiple
__% of the Canadian population may experience learning difficulties that are a continuation of learning disabilities from early childhood
10
________ _________ is a disorder in which a child has difficulty in attaining a specific academic skill, despite possessing average to above-average intelligence and is not primarily due to physical or sensory handicaps.
Learning disability
_______ is a specific to deficits in reading and not a general cognitive dysfunction.
Dyslexia
In Canada, 3.7% of _____ and 1.5% of ______ aged 6 to 9 have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
boys, girls
Evolutionary theorists view _____ as a mismatch between current and historical learning environments based on biological predispositions that favored behaviors needed for survival
ADHD
Name some environmental risk factors for ADHD
- brain injury
- exposure to environmental toxins
- parenting styles
- peer relations
- interactions with teachers
- stressors in the child’s life
- sleep disturbance
- family instability
- parental mental illness
On many kinds of attention tasks, children with DHD ______(do/ do not) differ at all from normal children
do not
Children with ADHD display more ____ problems
sleep
Children with DHD who display lower levels of social skills and higher levels of social problems also experience higher levels of _______
anxiety
In this type of ADHD, the inability to sustain attention is the major difficulty.
- easily distracted
- trouble paying attention
- trouble following directions
- slow to process information
- shy or withdrawn behavior
- seems disorganized or careless
- trouble following through with tasks
inattentive type
In this type of ADHD, a high activity level is the problem
- overactive
- restlessness
- excessive talking
- frequent interruptions
- difficulty waiting turns
- impulsive speech and actions
- loud interactions with others
hyperactive-impulsive type
In this type of ADHD presents both symptoms from inattentive type and hyperactive-impulsive type
Combined type
Improvement of fine motor skills such as writing, playing musical instruments, and cutting are all made possible by the
a. development of the hypothalamus.
b. maturation of the wrist.
c. increase in visual acuity.
d. myelinization of the fine-motor neurons.
B
Parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked are called
a. reticular formations.
b. association areas.
c. connectionist areas.
d. lateralized areas.
B
Of the following, which is the most common cause of death in Canadian children aged 5 to 9 years old?
a. cancer
b. genetic conditions
c. unintentional injuries
d. homicide
C
Which of the following is a strategy that parents of an overweight child should not utilize?
a. Encourage the child to be physically active.
b. Limit the amount of time the child spends on television, computers, and video games.
c. Help the child develop good eating habits without overemphasizing cultural norms for thinness.
d. Have the child follow a strict weight-loss diet.
D
Some developmentalists have found that video-game playing
a. increases children’s ability to empathize with others.
b. has no effect on children’s social/emotional development.
c. causes deterioration in children’s self-esteem.
d. can enhance children’s visual–spatial and problem-solving skills.
D
According to Piaget, ______________ is the most critical of all the concrete operations.
a. deductive logic
b. inductive logic
c. reversibility
d. decentration
C
The psychologist Robert Siegler has argued that
a. cognitive development does not occur in stages but rather in a sequence of rules that emerge from experience.
b. changes in short-term memory efficiency are the engine that drives cognitive development.
c. the complexity of cognitive development requires more stages than Piaget originally proposed.
d. children’s cognitive development shifts between advances and retreats.
A
_____________________ include(s) information-processing skills that allow a person to devise and carry out alternative strategies for remembering and solving problems.
a. executive processes
b. processing efficiency
c. automaticity
d. metacognition
A
Tomas uses the made-up name Roy G. Biv to remember the colours in a rainbow. Which information-processing strategy is he using?
a. mnemonics
b. rehearsal
c. organization
d. chunking
A
According to Anglin, a large part of the amazing growth in vocabulary between Grade 3 and Grade 5 is attributable to
a. derived words.
b. overextensions.
c. holophrases.
d. private speech.
A
According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence is used when a person must deal with a novel situation?
a. emotional intelligence
b. contextual intelligence
c. experiential intelligence
d. intrapersonal intelligence
C
A child who has a relational style approaches a learning task by
a. considering all the details before beginning to work.
b. looking at the “big picture.”
c. asking the teacher what needs to be done next.
d. systematically planning the steps to reach a final goal.
B
Conduct disorders, social maladjustment, ADHD, and emotional disorders are examples of ____________.
a. dyslexia
b. pervasive developmental disorders
c. physio-sensory impairments
d. behaviour disorders
D
A child who has a learning disability has difficulty mastering a specific skill
a. but has normal intelligence and no physical or sensory disabilities.
b. and has a significant general cognitive dysfunction.
c. and has an impairment in adaptive functioning.
d. together with emotional problems that impede learning.
A
When teaching methods are adjusted to help a child with special needs achieve the outcomes of the standard curriculum, it is called a/an
a. individual education plan.
b. modified program.
c. curriculum modification.
d. program accommodation.
D
Dyslexia may result from
a. undiagnosed traumatic brain injury.
b. a fear of reading as a result of harsh and critical feedback.
c. limited exposure to reading before age 6.
d. the inability to automatize sound-letter correspondences, or weak morphological awareness.
D
The use of stimulant medication by children with ADHD
a. reduces activity level and somewhat improves social behaviour but does not necessarily improve grades.
b. always improves grades and often improves classroom behaviour.
c. always improves grades and social behaviour but may not translate into greater peer acceptance.
d. does little more than improve the child’s ability to focus his or her attention on the task at hand.
A
Between the ages of 6 and 12, boys are ahead of girls in
a. coordinated movement.
b. fine motor coordination.
c. rate of growth.
d. physical speed.
D
The selective attention skill of the average Grade 4 student is much greater than that of the average Grade 1 student. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this?
a. myelinization of the neurons in the right side of the brain
b. pruning of the synapses in the corpus callosum
c. myelinization of the reticular formation
d. lateralization of spatial perception
C
During middle childhood, growth in the brain and nervous system results in all of the following advances in development except
a. ability to control attention.
b. increased ability to think hypothetically and reason abstractly.
c. improvements in logic and planning.
d. lateralization of spatial perception.
B
Synchrony between the parent and child’s ________ _______ on day-to-day interpersonal experiences contributes to the child’s emotional development.
a. association areas
b. selective attention
c. spatial engagement
d. functional connectomes
D
Which of the following is not a significant health risk of middle childhood?
a. obesity
b. playground accidents
c. motor vehicle accidents
d. infectious diseases
D
Which of the following correctly illustrates an understanding of class inclusion?
a. understanding that objects stay the same even if their appearance changes
b. understanding that not all objects are alive
c. understanding that cats and dogs are not the same
d. understanding that a rose is a flower and that flowers are plants
D
Which of these children is demonstrating automaticity?
a. Shoshana can name the capital of Canada without thinking about it.
b. Luc remembers the names of the planets in the solar system by using a rhyme.
c. Ten-year-old Dave knows everything there is to know about skateboarding.
d. Seven-year-old Lida can process information more rapidly than her 3-year-old brother.
A
On which of the following is children’s capacity for creativity most dependent?
a. the amount of knowledge they have about a topic
b. their short-term memory abilities
c. their executive processing strategies
d. their metacognitive skills
A
A derived word is one that
a. has a basic root to which a prefix or suffix is added.
b. was slang but is now considered acceptable.
c. means dramatically different things in different cultures.
d. is offensive to individuals of particular cultural groups.
A
Mr. Henry uses the balanced approach to teach reading. Which of the teaching techniques below is he likely to use?
a. Mr. Henry teaches students to write before he teaches them to read.
b. Mr. Henry does not encourage children to develop automaticity.
c. Mr. Henry avoids directly teaching students about sound–letter connections.
d. When a student makes an error, Mr. Henry teaches him or her a new strategy.
D
According to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, an individual who produces works of art such as paintings or sculptures very likely has a high degree of ________ intelligence.
a. bodily kinesthetic
b. intrapersonal
c. naturalist
d. spatial
D
Educators in English-speaking countries use the term _____________ to refer to non-English-speaking children, either immigrant or native-born.
a. limited English proficient
b. non-English language speaker
c. exceptional English language learner
d. English immersion learner
A
Behaviour disorders, communication disorders, sensory impairments, and physical disorders are examples of ________ in Canada.
a. learning disabilities
b. exceptionalities
c. horizontal decalage
d. dyslexia
B
Sleep disorders in children are commonly intertwined with
a. neurodevelopmental disorders.
b. intellectual disabilities.
c. sensory and perceptual disorders.
d. communication disorders.
A
