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PSYCH 223 > Chapter 18- Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial theory in Late Adulthood?

A

Ego integrity vs. despair

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2
Q

This is the last stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfaction with their lives.

A

Ego integrity vs. despair

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3
Q

Ego integrity vs. despair stage begins when an individual experience a sense of _______

A

mortality

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4
Q

_______ is the feeling that one’s life has been worthwhile; the process also involves coming to terms with death and accepting its imminence.

This is the key to a harmonious personality development

A

Ego integrity

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5
Q

_____ defines wisdom as a kind of informed and attached concerned with life itself in the face of death itself.

A

Erikson

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6
Q

What is the basic virtue in Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

A

Wisdom

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7
Q

This is the result of the negative resolution or lack of resolution of the final crisis. This negative resolution manifest itself as a fear of death and also the sense that life was just too short

A

Despair

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8
Q

______ is reflecting on past experience; is a positive emotional experience for older adults that is often seen as a way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals.

there’s some evidence that this has cognitive benefits because it is a way of exercising memory.

ex: photobooks

A

Reminiscence

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9
Q

_____ is an evaluative process in which elders make judgments about past behavior.

A

Life review

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10
Q

Erikson’s view that the quest for _____ that was prominent in middle age likely continues in importance well into old age.

A

generativity

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11
Q

_______ argues that to age well, people have to maintain their engagement with the world.

This is the idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible.

A

Active theory

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12
Q

_______ argues that successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from physical, psychological, and the social world.

this theory states that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree.

A

Disengagement theory

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13
Q

What are the three aspects of disengagement theory?

A
  • shrinkage of life space- as people age, they interact with fewer people and they fill fewer roles
  • increased individuality- in the roles and relationships that remain, the older individual is less and less governed by strict rules and expectations.
  • acceptance of these changes- healthy older adults actively disengage from roles and relationships turning more and more inward and away from interactions with others.
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14
Q

This theory has the idea that older adults adapt life-long interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging.

This takes a compromised position, suggesting that what’s important is maintaining a desired level of involvement.

A

Continuity theory

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15
Q

What are the three components of successful aging?

A
  1. Minimize risk of disease and disability (good physical health)
  2. Maintain physical and cognitive function (retention of mental abilities)
  3. Continue engagement with life (a continuing engagement in social and productive activities)
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16
Q

What is an additional aspect of successful aging?

A

An individual’s subjective sense of life satisfaction

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17
Q

The concept of successful aging is referred to as a _____ because it presents patterns for or examples of aging

A

paradigm

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18
Q

When an older adult suffers from a stroke or fractures a bone, his willingness to engage in the sometimes painful process of rehabilitation _____ _______ his degree of recovery

A

significantly affects

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19
Q

______ learning helps to establish new connections between neurons, connections that may protect the aging brain against deterioration.

A

New

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20
Q

________ is the willingness to learn new things, contributes to successful aging

A

Cognitive adventurousness

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21
Q

______ contributes to successful aging because it provides opportunities for older adults to give support as well as to receive it.

A

Social engagement

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22
Q

______ can lead to feelings of loneliness, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality, poor physical and/or mental health and impeded access to needed health care

A

Social isolation

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23
Q

What are the three domains proposed by the WHO that focus on social engagement?

A
  • social participation
  • respect and social inclusion
  • civic participation and employment
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24
Q

___-friendly community initiatives work well in rural contexts and are associated with better life satisfaction and perceived health in seniors.

A

Age

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE
people who volunteer are happier and healthier in their elder years

A

TRUE

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26
Q

Canadians aged 65 to 74 clocked the ____(highest/lowest) number of annual volunteer hours of any age group (234 hours), with those over 75 a close second (218 hours)

A

highest

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27
Q

What activity has the highest participation rate for Canadians age 65 and older?

A

Watching television or videos

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28
Q

A sense of personal _____ is an important component of successful aging

A

well-being

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29
Q

This term refers to adults rating their satisfaction as very high even though they’re faced with so many challenges

A

Paradox of aging

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30
Q

Older Canadians, along with adolescents, have the ____(highest/lowest) levels of life satisfaction

A

highest

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31
Q

TRUE or FALSE

One criticism of the successful aging paradigm is that it can give the erroneous impression that all the effects of aging are under one’s control

A

TRUE

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32
Q

One criticism of the successful aging paradigm is there may be predispositions that drive some seniors to be more engaged in successful aging activities, which in turn contributes to a greater sense of _____ well-being

A

subjective

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33
Q

In Canada, the average retirement age dropped from age 64.9 in 1982 to 61 years of age by the year 2000 that rose to over ___ years of age in 2015, and continues to increase.

A

63

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34
Q

What are 6 reasons for retirement?

A
  • age
  • health
  • family considerations
  • financial support
  • work characteristics
  • sex differences
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35
Q

The median age at which Canadian women retire is about ____ years younger than the age at which men retire.

A

1.5

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36
Q

What are 4 effects of retirement?

A
  • income
  • poverty
  • health, attitudes, and emotions
  • geographic mobility
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37
Q

Generally, retired people have less income. But retired adults have _____ potential sources of income.

A

several

38
Q

______ sources now provide the largest portion of retirement income.

A

Non-government

39
Q

After adjusting for inflation, Canadian senior men’s income rose ___% and senior women’s by ____% between 1981 and 1998

A

21%, 22%

40
Q

Unattached older adults in particular continue to be ___(more/less) likely to be poor compared to their peers who live in families, and among the older unattached, women are ____(more/less) likely to be poor compared to men.

A

more, more

41
Q

Poverty among seniors has been ____ after dropping to historic lows in the 1990s.

A

rising

42
Q

Retirement has essentially no impact on health; rather, individuals may retire because of _____ _______

A

poor health

43
Q

This term refers to the 30% of seniors that move within a 5-year period- means majority of people do not move.

A

Geographic mobility

44
Q

This refers to the post-retirement move away from kin to a location that has some desirable feature, such as year-round warm weather.

A

Amenity move

45
Q

This refers to a move to a location near family or friends that happens when an elder requires frequent help because of a disability or disease.

A

Compensatory (kinship) migration

46
Q

This refers to a move to an institution such as a nursing home that is necessitated by a disability.

A

Institutional migration

47
Q

Only ___% of Canadians over age 65 live in long-term care or senior’s residential homes.

A

6.8%

48
Q

Some see work as offering more ____ than retirement would.

A

satisfaction

49
Q

This arises when potential employers express concern about older adults’ ability to learn new job skills

A

Ageism

50
Q

_____ employees are viewed a smore loyal, reliable, safety conscious, literate, and flexible.

A

Older

51
Q

_____ is often cited as the primary means of managing anxiety and depression among seniors.

This is the tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions for support in times of difficulty.

A

Religious coping

52
Q

Canadian ___ make more use of religious coping than ____ do, but the effects seem to be the same for both genders.

A

women, men

53
Q

Religious older adults are ___(more/less) likely than their nonreligious peers to view old age as a chapter in an ongoing story rather than as a period of loss of capacities.

A

more

54
Q

Canadian adults who regularly attend such services are: (5)

A
  • more optimistic
  • physically healthier
  • live longer
  • very satisfied with their lives
  • less stressed than their non-attending peers
55
Q

Is there a connection between the sense of belonging and the sense of well-being?

A

Yes.

56
Q

There appears to be a causal connection wherein feelings of belonging improve a person’s level of ____

A

health

57
Q

______ is lowest among religious participants

A

Mortality

58
Q

___% of seniors reported emotional abuse and/or financial exploitation; roughly ___% of Canadian seniors are victims of crime each year. And the perpetrator is usually a family member.

A

7%, 10%

59
Q

These are risk factors for elder abuse

A
  • mental illness or substance abuse in the abuser
  • dependency of the abuser on the victim
60
Q

What are the 5 common victim risk factors for elder abuse?

A
  • functional dependence on others
  • disability
  • poor physical and/or mental health
  • cognitive impairment
  • low income/ SES
61
Q

For most seniors, relationships with children and other family may be a mixture of positive and negative, but the scale most often tips toward the _______.

A

positive

62
Q

Marital satisfaction is ____(higher/lower) in the late years, but is based more on loyalty, familiarity, and mutual investment in the relationship (reflect Sternberg’s companionate love)

A

higher

63
Q

In late adulthood, higher levels of _____ and lower levels of ____ are reported.

Choices: pleasure, conflict

A

pleasure, conflict

64
Q

The protective nature of marriage for older adults is supported by research showing that single adults over age 65 have _____(higher/lower) mortality rates, even when factors such as poverty are controlled- a pattern consistent across genders and cultures

A

higher

65
Q

Canadian studies show that ___% of older parents said their children see them at least once a week.

A

50%

66
Q

The satisfaction seniors experience with family contacts is ___(more/less) important than the frequency of visitation

A

more

67
Q

Good relationships and regular contact with adult children can add to an elderly adult’s quality of life, but are not necessary for it because of _______, which provide more opportunity to “be yourself”

A

friendships

68
Q

In late adulthood, contact between grandchildren and grandparents ____ as the grandchildren become adults themselves.

A

decline

69
Q

In later adulthood, relationships with friends are likely to be more _______ or equitable, and thus are more valued and less stressful than relationships with family members.

Friends provide companionship and assistance with daily tasks.

A

reciprocal

70
Q

Men’s social networks are just as important to them and provide them with the same kinds of emotional support as women’s networks do, even though men’s networks tend to be ______.

A

smaller

71
Q

This theory by Carstensen shows that knowledge (peaks in adolescence) becomes less important in old age and getting emotional stuff (low in adolescence and high in infancy) out of your relationships with people becomes more important.

A

Socioemotional selectivity theory

72
Q

____ rewards become more important with age.

A

Emotional

73
Q

When old people have the perception that time is running out, this prompts them to be more ____ about their social networks.

A

selective

74
Q

Paul and Margaret Baltes have proposed that older adults maintain high levels of performance by

a. staying active and focusing on their strengths.
b. distracting others from what they are doing.
c. practising as much as they can.
d. working only on easy tasks.

A

A

75
Q

the term gerontologists use to describe maintaining one’s physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with one’s life as one ages.

A

successful aging

76
Q

performance of unpaid work for altruistic motives

A

Volunteerism

77
Q

______ is a sense of personal well-being that is an important component of successful aging.

A

Life satisfaction

78
Q

One of the key components of successful aging is

a. sticking to routines that are comfortable and familiar so that the individual isn’t overwhelmed.
b. cognitive adventurousness, or a willingness to learn new things.
c. expecting that other people will help with activities of daily living.
d. actively disengaging from roles and relationships and turning inward

A

B

79
Q

The social roles that older adults occupy

a. have more clearly defined duties or expectations than roles they previously occupied.
b. are characterized by both consistency and change.
c. have more prestige and social standing than the roles they previously occupied.
d. are more meaningful to them than their previous roles.

A

B

80
Q

Older couples spend

a. little time with each other because they spend most of their time with their separate groups of friends.
b. more time with each other than with family and friends, but much of this time is spent in passive or basic maintenance activities, for example, watching TV, doing housework, and running errands.
c. much less time with each other once one of them develops a disability.
d. more time together as they get older, but long-term gay and lesbian couples tend to drift apart with age.

A

B

81
Q

In late adulthood,

a. most marriages are passionless and sexual activities are very infrequent.
b. women are more likely to be married and living with a spouse than men are.
c. marital satisfaction declines for most couples and individuals drift apart.
d. marriages are more likely to be based on companionate love than romantic love.

A

D

82
Q

Which statement summarizes the research findings regarding older adults’ relationships with their children?

a. Most older adults rely more on their adult children for help and support than anyone else.
b. Relationships with adult children are very important in clan cultures but not in hierarchical cultures.
c. When relationships with children are warm and caring, the older adult is more likely to be healthy and happy.
d. Healthy relationships with their children contribute to happiness and well-being but are not necessary for it.

A

D

83
Q

Research on friendships in later life

a. shows that the number of friendships increases as people have more time for leisure.
b. states that at this point in life, friendships are irrelevant to level of life satisfaction.
c. reveals that friends were second only to spouses as sources of companionship among those over 65.
d. says that friendships are indistinguishable from relationships with family members.

A

C

84
Q

The factors that combine to produce a somewhat later retirement for adults include all of the following except

a. being self-employed.
b. having an interesting job.
c. having an “empty nest.”
d. enjoying better health.

A

C

85
Q

Those retirees who respond least well to retirement are those who

a. have a spouse retire at the same time.
b. cannot move away from the place they have called home.
c. had the least control over the decision.
d. continue to work part time after retirement.

A

C

86
Q

When a retiree makes a compensatory migration, he or she moves

a. to a location near family or friends because the older person needs frequent help for a disability or disease.
b. to an institution, such as a nursing home, because of a disability that requires that level of care.
c. away from kin to a location that has some desirable feature, such as year-round warm weather.
d. into a smaller home in order to save money or because a smaller home is easier to care for.

A

A

87
Q

When appropriate training is provided, older adults

a. far outpace younger workers in productivity.
b. can compete with younger workers, but only in short-duration tasks.
c. still fall below the skill level that younger workers achieve.
d. can acquire new work-related skills.

A

D

88
Q

Which statement summarizes the paradigm of successful aging proposed by John Rowe and Robert Kahn?

a. Religious coping and the use of religious belief and practice are effective means of adapting to aging.
b. Successful aging integrates components of physical, cognitive, and social health that are influenced by earlier behaviours and decisions.
c. An aging adult is not governed by others’ expectation that she fulfill certain roles.
d. The healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in the greatest number of roles.

A

B

89
Q

Which of the following does not accurately describe how religious coping affects older adults?

a. Seniors who place a great deal of emphasis on religious faith worry less than those who do not.
b. Seniors who regularly attend religious services are healthier, both physically and emotionally.
c. Seniors who have strong religious beliefs don’t concern themselves over the quality of their health.
d. Seniors who say their religious beliefs are important to them think that their lives serve an important purpose.

A

C

90
Q

Which is the most commonly reported form of elder abuse in Canada?

a. violent crime
b. sexual
c. physical
d. emotional and/or financial

A

D

91
Q

What is the biggest obstacle to employment for older adults who choose not to retire?

a. an absence of jobs or work opportunities suitable for older adults
b. poor health that interferes with job responsibilities
c. poor work habits, such as absenteeism or inability to get along with co-workers
d. the concerns of potential employers about older adults’ ability to learn new job skills

A

D

PSYCH 223 (15 decks)

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