Chapter 18- Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial theory in Late Adulthood?

Answer 1

Ego integrity vs. despair

Question 2

This is the last stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfaction with their lives.

Answer 2

Ego integrity vs. despair

Question 3

Ego integrity vs. despair stage begins when an individual experience a sense of _______

Answer 3

mortality

Question 4

_______ is the feeling that one’s life has been worthwhile; the process also involves coming to terms with death and accepting its imminence.

This is the key to a harmonious personality development

Answer 4

Ego integrity

Question 5

_____ defines wisdom as a kind of informed and attached concerned with life itself in the face of death itself.

Answer 5

Erikson

Question 6

What is the basic virtue in Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

Answer 6

Wisdom

Question 7

This is the result of the negative resolution or lack of resolution of the final crisis. This negative resolution manifest itself as a fear of death and also the sense that life was just too short

Answer 7

Despair

Question 8

______ is reflecting on past experience; is a positive emotional experience for older adults that is often seen as a way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals.

there’s some evidence that this has cognitive benefits because it is a way of exercising memory.

ex: photobooks

Answer 8

Reminiscence

Question 9

_____ is an evaluative process in which elders make judgments about past behavior.

Answer 9

Life review

Question 10

Erikson’s view that the quest for _____ that was prominent in middle age likely continues in importance well into old age.

Answer 10

generativity

Question 11

_______ argues that to age well, people have to maintain their engagement with the world.

This is the idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible.

Answer 11

Active theory

Question 12

_______ argues that successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from physical, psychological, and the social world.

this theory states that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree.

Answer 12

Disengagement theory

Question 13

What are the three aspects of disengagement theory?

Answer 13

• shrinkage of life space- as people age, they interact with fewer people and they fill fewer roles
• increased individuality- in the roles and relationships that remain, the older individual is less and less governed by strict rules and expectations.
• acceptance of these changes- healthy older adults actively disengage from roles and relationships turning more and more inward and away from interactions with others.

Question 14

This theory has the idea that older adults adapt life-long interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging.

This takes a compromised position, suggesting that what’s important is maintaining a desired level of involvement.

Answer 14

Continuity theory

Question 15

What are the three components of successful aging?

Answer 15

1. Minimize risk of disease and disability (good physical health)
2. Maintain physical and cognitive function (retention of mental abilities)
3. Continue engagement with life (a continuing engagement in social and productive activities)

Question 16

What is an additional aspect of successful aging?

Answer 16

An individual’s subjective sense of life satisfaction

Question 17

The concept of successful aging is referred to as a _____ because it presents patterns for or examples of aging

Answer 17

paradigm

Question 18

When an older adult suffers from a stroke or fractures a bone, his willingness to engage in the sometimes painful process of rehabilitation _____ _______ his degree of recovery

Answer 18

significantly affects

Question 19

______ learning helps to establish new connections between neurons, connections that may protect the aging brain against deterioration.

Answer 19

New

Question 20

________ is the willingness to learn new things, contributes to successful aging

Answer 20

Cognitive adventurousness

Question 21

______ contributes to successful aging because it provides opportunities for older adults to give support as well as to receive it.

Answer 21

Social engagement

Question 22

______ can lead to feelings of loneliness, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality, poor physical and/or mental health and impeded access to needed health care

Answer 22

Social isolation

Question 23

What are the three domains proposed by the WHO that focus on social engagement?

Answer 23

• social participation
• respect and social inclusion
• civic participation and employment

Question 24

___-friendly community initiatives work well in rural contexts and are associated with better life satisfaction and perceived health in seniors.

Answer 24

Age

Question 25

TRUE or FALSE people who volunteer are happier and healthier in their elder years

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

Canadians aged 65 to 74 clocked the ____(highest/lowest) number of annual volunteer hours of any age group (234 hours), with those over 75 a close second (218 hours)

Answer 26

highest

Question 27

What activity has the highest participation rate for Canadians age 65 and older?

Answer 27

Watching television or videos

Question 28

A sense of personal _____ is an important component of successful aging

Answer 28

well-being

Question 29

This term refers to adults rating their satisfaction as very high even though they're faced with so many challenges

Answer 29

Paradox of aging

Question 30

Older Canadians, along with adolescents, have the ____(highest/lowest) levels of life satisfaction

Answer 30

highest

Question 31

TRUE or FALSE One criticism of the successful aging paradigm is that it can give the erroneous impression that all the effects of aging are under one's control

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

One criticism of the successful aging paradigm is there may be predispositions that drive some seniors to be more engaged in successful aging activities, which in turn contributes to a greater sense of _____ well-being

Answer 32

subjective

Question 33

In Canada, the average retirement age dropped from age 64.9 in 1982 to 61 years of age by the year 2000 that rose to over ___ years of age in 2015, and continues to increase.

Answer 33

63

Question 34

What are 6 reasons for retirement?

Answer 34

- age - health - family considerations - financial support - work characteristics - sex differences

Question 35

The median age at which Canadian women retire is about ____ years younger than the age at which men retire.

Answer 35

1.5

Question 36

What are 4 effects of retirement?

Answer 36

- income - poverty - health, attitudes, and emotions - geographic mobility

Question 37

Generally, retired people have less income. But retired adults have _____ potential sources of income.

Answer 37

several

Question 38

______ sources now provide the largest portion of retirement income.

Answer 38

Non-government

Question 39

After adjusting for inflation, Canadian senior men's income rose ___% and senior women's by ____% between 1981 and 1998

Answer 39

21%, 22%

Question 40

Unattached older adults in particular continue to be ___(more/less) likely to be poor compared to their peers who live in families, and among the older unattached, women are ____(more/less) likely to be poor compared to men.

Answer 40

more, more

Question 41

Poverty among seniors has been ____ after dropping to historic lows in the 1990s.

Answer 41

rising

Question 42

Retirement has essentially no impact on health; rather, individuals may retire because of _____ _______

Answer 42

poor health

Question 43

This term refers to the 30% of seniors that move within a 5-year period- means majority of people do not move.

Answer 43

Geographic mobility

Question 44

This refers to the post-retirement move away from kin to a location that has some desirable feature, such as year-round warm weather.

Answer 44

Amenity move

Question 45

This refers to a move to a location near family or friends that happens when an elder requires frequent help because of a disability or disease.

Answer 45

Compensatory (kinship) migration

Question 46

This refers to a move to an institution such as a nursing home that is necessitated by a disability.

Answer 46

Institutional migration

Question 47

Only ___% of Canadians over age 65 live in long-term care or senior's residential homes.

Answer 47

6.8%

Question 48

Some see work as offering more ____ than retirement would.

Answer 48

satisfaction

Question 49

This arises when potential employers express concern about older adults' ability to learn new job skills

Answer 49

Ageism

Question 50

_____ employees are viewed a smore loyal, reliable, safety conscious, literate, and flexible.

Answer 50

Older

Question 51

_____ is often cited as the primary means of managing anxiety and depression among seniors. This is the tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions for support in times of difficulty.

Answer 51

Religious coping

Question 52

Canadian ___ make more use of religious coping than ____ do, but the effects seem to be the same for both genders.

Answer 52

women, men

Question 53

Religious older adults are ___(more/less) likely than their nonreligious peers to view old age as a chapter in an ongoing story rather than as a period of loss of capacities.

Answer 53

more

Question 54

Canadian adults who regularly attend such services are: (5)

Answer 54

- more optimistic - physically healthier - live longer - very satisfied with their lives - less stressed than their non-attending peers

Question 55

Is there a connection between the sense of belonging and the sense of well-being?

Answer 55

Yes.

Question 56

There appears to be a causal connection wherein feelings of belonging improve a person's level of ____

Answer 56

health

Question 57

______ is lowest among religious participants

Answer 57

Mortality

Question 58

___% of seniors reported emotional abuse and/or financial exploitation; roughly ___% of Canadian seniors are victims of crime each year. And the perpetrator is usually a family member.

Answer 58

7%, 10%

Question 59

These are risk factors for elder abuse

Answer 59

- mental illness or substance abuse in the abuser - dependency of the abuser on the victim

Question 60

What are the 5 common victim risk factors for elder abuse?

Answer 60

- functional dependence on others - disability - poor physical and/or mental health - cognitive impairment - low income/ SES

Question 61

For most seniors, relationships with children and other family may be a mixture of positive and negative, but the scale most often tips toward the _______.

Answer 61

positive

Question 62

Marital satisfaction is ____(higher/lower) in the late years, but is based more on loyalty, familiarity, and mutual investment in the relationship (reflect Sternberg's companionate love)

Answer 62

higher

Question 63

In late adulthood, higher levels of _____ and lower levels of ____ are reported. Choices: pleasure, conflict

Answer 63

pleasure, conflict

Question 64

The protective nature of marriage for older adults is supported by research showing that single adults over age 65 have _____(higher/lower) mortality rates, even when factors such as poverty are controlled- a pattern consistent across genders and cultures

Answer 64

higher

Question 65

Canadian studies show that ___% of older parents said their children see them at least once a week.

Answer 65

50%

Question 66

The satisfaction seniors experience with family contacts is ___(more/less) important than the frequency of visitation

Answer 66

more

Question 67

Good relationships and regular contact with adult children can add to an elderly adult's quality of life, but are not necessary for it because of _______, which provide more opportunity to "be yourself"

Answer 67

friendships

Question 68

In late adulthood, contact between grandchildren and grandparents ____ as the grandchildren become adults themselves.

Answer 68

decline

Question 69

In later adulthood, relationships with friends are likely to be more _______ or equitable, and thus are more valued and less stressful than relationships with family members. Friends provide companionship and assistance with daily tasks.

Answer 69

reciprocal

Question 70

Men's social networks are just as important to them and provide them with the same kinds of emotional support as women's networks do, even though men's networks tend to be ______.

Answer 70

smaller

Question 71

This theory by Carstensen shows that knowledge (peaks in adolescence) becomes less important in old age and getting emotional stuff (low in adolescence and high in infancy) out of your relationships with people becomes more important.

Answer 71

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Question 72

____ rewards become more important with age.

Answer 72

Emotional

Question 73

When old people have the perception that time is running out, this prompts them to be more ____ about their social networks.

Answer 73

selective

Question 74

Paul and Margaret Baltes have proposed that older adults maintain high levels of performance by a. staying active and focusing on their strengths. b. distracting others from what they are doing. c. practising as much as they can. d. working only on easy tasks.

Answer 74

A

Question 75

the term gerontologists use to describe maintaining one's physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with one's life as one ages.

Answer 75

successful aging

Question 76

performance of unpaid work for altruistic motives

Answer 76

Volunteerism

Question 77

______ is a sense of personal well-being that is an important component of successful aging.

Answer 77

Life satisfaction

Question 78

One of the key components of successful aging is a. sticking to routines that are comfortable and familiar so that the individual isn’t overwhelmed. b. cognitive adventurousness, or a willingness to learn new things. c. expecting that other people will help with activities of daily living. d. actively disengaging from roles and relationships and turning inward

Answer 78

B

Question 79

The social roles that older adults occupy a. have more clearly defined duties or expectations than roles they previously occupied. b. are characterized by both consistency and change. c. have more prestige and social standing than the roles they previously occupied. d. are more meaningful to them than their previous roles.

Answer 79

B

Question 80

Older couples spend a. little time with each other because they spend most of their time with their separate groups of friends. b. more time with each other than with family and friends, but much of this time is spent in passive or basic maintenance activities, for example, watching TV, doing housework, and running errands. c. much less time with each other once one of them develops a disability. d. more time together as they get older, but long-term gay and lesbian couples tend to drift apart with age.

Answer 80

B

Question 81

In late adulthood, a. most marriages are passionless and sexual activities are very infrequent. b. women are more likely to be married and living with a spouse than men are. c. marital satisfaction declines for most couples and individuals drift apart. d. marriages are more likely to be based on companionate love than romantic love.

Answer 81

D

Question 82

Which statement summarizes the research findings regarding older adults’ relationships with their children? a. Most older adults rely more on their adult children for help and support than anyone else. b. Relationships with adult children are very important in clan cultures but not in hierarchical cultures. c. When relationships with children are warm and caring, the older adult is more likely to be healthy and happy. d. Healthy relationships with their children contribute to happiness and well-being but are not necessary for it.

Answer 82

D

Question 83

Research on friendships in later life a. shows that the number of friendships increases as people have more time for leisure. b. states that at this point in life, friendships are irrelevant to level of life satisfaction. c. reveals that friends were second only to spouses as sources of companionship among those over 65. d. says that friendships are indistinguishable from relationships with family members.

Answer 83

C

Question 84

The factors that combine to produce a somewhat later retirement for adults include all of the following except a. being self-employed. b. having an interesting job. c. having an “empty nest.” d. enjoying better health.

Answer 84

C

Question 85

Those retirees who respond least well to retirement are those who a. have a spouse retire at the same time. b. cannot move away from the place they have called home. c. had the least control over the decision. d. continue to work part time after retirement.

Answer 85

C

Question 86

When a retiree makes a compensatory migration, he or she moves a. to a location near family or friends because the older person needs frequent help for a disability or disease. b. to an institution, such as a nursing home, because of a disability that requires that level of care. c. away from kin to a location that has some desirable feature, such as year-round warm weather. d. into a smaller home in order to save money or because a smaller home is easier to care for.

Answer 86

A

Question 87

When appropriate training is provided, older adults a. far outpace younger workers in productivity. b. can compete with younger workers, but only in short-duration tasks. c. still fall below the skill level that younger workers achieve. d. can acquire new work-related skills.

Answer 87

D

Question 88

Which statement summarizes the paradigm of successful aging proposed by John Rowe and Robert Kahn? a. Religious coping and the use of religious belief and practice are effective means of adapting to aging. b. Successful aging integrates components of physical, cognitive, and social health that are influenced by earlier behaviours and decisions. c. An aging adult is not governed by others’ expectation that she fulfill certain roles. d. The healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in the greatest number of roles.

Answer 88

B

Question 89

Which of the following does not accurately describe how religious coping affects older adults? a. Seniors who place a great deal of emphasis on religious faith worry less than those who do not. b. Seniors who regularly attend religious services are healthier, both physically and emotionally. c. Seniors who have strong religious beliefs don’t concern themselves over the quality of their health. d. Seniors who say their religious beliefs are important to them think that their lives serve an important purpose.

Answer 89

C

Question 90

Which is the most commonly reported form of elder abuse in Canada? a. violent crime b. sexual c. physical d. emotional and/or financial

Answer 90

D

Question 91

What is the biggest obstacle to employment for older adults who choose not to retire? a. an absence of jobs or work opportunities suitable for older adults b. poor health that interferes with job responsibilities c. poor work habits, such as absenteeism or inability to get along with co-workers d. the concerns of potential employers about older adults’ ability to learn new job skills

Answer 91

D