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PSYCH 223 > Chapter 10: Social and Personality in Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Social and Personality in Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

According to Freud, this is the Psychosexual stage in middle childhood

A

Latent stage

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2
Q

Freud said that the challenge of the latent stage is to form _______ bonds with peers; to move beyond those that were developed with parents in earlier years.

A

emotional

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3
Q

Building social skills and building self-confidence are a big part of this stage

A

Latent stage

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4
Q

Freud believed that if kids become fixated during the latent stage, they will become _________ and their adult relationships will suffer.

A

immature

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5
Q

According to Erikson, this is the psychoanalytic stage in middle childhood.
This is the stage during which children develop a sense of their own competence trough mastery of culturally defined learning task.

A

Industry vs. inferiority stage

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6
Q

What basic virtue in the industry vs. inferiority stage?

A

Competence

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7
Q

The primary goal of _______ Perspective is to determine the origins of individual differences and emotional responses to childhood experiences.

A

Trait

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8
Q

______ is a stable pattern of responding to situations.

A

Trait

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9
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A
  • openness/ intellect
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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10
Q

In this personality trait,
Qualities of individuals: active, assertive, enthusiastic, outgoing
Possible Temperament components: high activity level, sociability, positive emotionality talkativeness

A

Extraversion

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11
Q

In this personality trait,
Qualities of individuals: affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
Possible temperament components: perhaps high approach/ positive emotionality, effortful control

A

Agreeableness

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12
Q

In this personality trait,
Qualities of individuals: efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
Possible temperament components: effortful control/ task persistence

A

Conscientiousness

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13
Q

In this personality trait,
Qualities of Individuals: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
Possible temperament components: negative emotionality, irritability

A

Neuroticism (emotional instability)

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14
Q

In this personality trait,
Qualities of individuals: artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, having wide interests
Possible temperament components: approach new situations and people, low inhibition

A

Openness/Intellect

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15
Q

What are the four personality types that emerged from the big five personality traits?

A
  • average
  • reserved
  • self-centred
  • role model
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16
Q

In _________ __________ each person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by the environment (social environment) and personal factors.
Bandura proposed that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact.

A

Reciprocal determinism

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17
Q

Bandura’s ________ approach provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive the development of self-efficacy.

A

social-cognitive

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18
Q

By the end of the middle childhood period, children’s self-concepts include two new components. These are

A
  • psychological self
  • valued self
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19
Q

________ ______ is an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits and self-judgments of competency.
As a child moves through the concrete operational period, this becomes more complex, more comparative, less tied to external features, and more centred on feelings and ideas

A

Psychological self

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20
Q

________ is an individual’s belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur (Bandura)

A

self-efficacy

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21
Q

Factors that contribute to the development of self-efficacy beliefs (4)

A
  • observe peers modeling the behavior
  • encouragement to do the behavior from knowledgeable people that children value and respect (parents, teachers)
  • an individual’s real life experiences is a key influence
  • feeling healthy and well
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22
Q

_______ is the global evaluation of one’s own self worth.
Both a low perceived discrepancy between the ideal and actual selves and social support are needed to influence this.

A

Self-esteem

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23
Q

One challenging and understudied aspect of self-concept is the spiritual self.

A

spiritual self

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24
Q

__________ is when the child is developing a sense of “I matter” and an inner relationship to a higher power

A

Meaningfulness

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25
Q

By the end of the middle childhood period, children have developed a much ________ understanding of others than they possessed at the beginning of the middle childhood period.

A

broader

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26
Q

In early childhood period (6-12 years), descriptions of other people move from the concrete to the _______.

A

abstract

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27
Q

Children continue to be attached to ________, but they are becoming more independent.

A

parents

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28
Q

Parent attachment is important for the ability to maintain relationships with _______.

A

peers

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29
Q

Parents recognize their children’s growing capacity for ________.

A

self-regulation

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30
Q

Cross-cultural studies show that best friend relationships, and the belief that having a best friend is important, are universal features of school-aged children’s ______ development.

A

social

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31
Q

The avoidance of opposite _____ becomes very pronounced during middle childhood

A

sex

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32
Q

_____(boys’, girls’) friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than the ______(boys’, girls’) and involve more outdoor play and roam over a larger area

A

Boys’, girls’

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33
Q

Boys’ friendship groups appear to be focused more on _______ and _______, and higher levels of competition between pairs of friends than between strangers.

A

competition and dominance

34
Q

______(boys’, girls’) friendship groups are smaller, consisting primarily of pairs, and are more exclusive.

A

girls’

35
Q

Girls’ friendship groups include more agreement, more compliance, and more self-disclosure, and higher levels of competition between ______ than between friends.

A

strangers

36
Q

Sexual harassment and dating aggression emerge in grades __ to __ and peak by grade 10.

A

6 to 8

37
Q

A Canadian survey of Grade 7 and 8 students found that ~19% of them had been victims of cyberbullying, and ____ (girls/boys) were twice as likely as _____ to be victimized.

A

girls, boys

38
Q

Sibling bullying is more common among ____ siblings who are close in age and who have a greater number of siblings.

A

male

39
Q

researchers describe social status in 3 main groups:

A
  • popular
  • rejected
  • neglected
40
Q

Attractive children and physically larger children are more likely to be ______.

A

popular

41
Q

Being very different from one’s peers may also cause a child to be _______ or ________.

A

neglected or rejected

42
Q

Shy children usually have few friends, and highly creative children are often _______, as are those those who have difficulty controlling their emotions.

A

rejected

43
Q

Children’s ______ behavior, seems to be more important than looks or temperament for peer acceptance/rejection.

A

social

44
Q

_______ _______ is the process of making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts.

A

Moral reasoning

45
Q

_____ development is a good example of the interaction between cognitive development and social development.

A

Moral

46
Q

Piaget proposed a two-stage theory of moral development:

A
  1. Moral realism stage
  2. Moral relativism stage
47
Q

In ______ ________ stage, children believe rules are inflexible; consequences matter.
They don’t consider the intention
(5/6- 8 years old)

A

Moral realism

48
Q

In ________ _______ stage, children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement.
(8-12 years old)

A

Moral relativism

49
Q

In ________ maturation, children become able to see moral issues from different sides,
- there is decline in egocentrism, increase perspective taking
- social interaction with peers

A

cognitive

50
Q

The trait perspective states that during middle childhood

a. the strength of a child’s attachment to parents substantially weakens.
b. attachment to parents enters a latency stage.
c. stable patterns of responding to situations emerge.
d. the quality of attachment to the child’s parents no longer matters.

A

C

51
Q

The psychosocial crisis of middle childhood, according to Erik Erikson, is the crisis of

a. identity versus role confusion.
b. initiative versus shame.
c. autonomy versus guilt.
d. industry versus inferiority.

A

D

52
Q

A school-aged child who is described by his parents and peers as affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, and trusting most likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

a. agreeableness.
b. conscientiousness.
c. extraversion.
d. openness.

A

A

53
Q

Personal, behavioural, and environmental factors interact in a pattern that Bandura called

a. self-esteem.
b. self-efficacy.
c. personality traits.
d. reciprocal determinism.

A

D

54
Q

When Stephen makes a joke in class, the other children burst into laughter. The children’s laughter would best be placed into which of Bandura’s reciprocal determinism components?

a. environmental reinforcers
b. temperament
c. personal factors
d. behaviour

A

A

55
Q

During middle childhood, the child develops an understanding of his or her unique and enduring characteristics that is referred to as the __________ self.

a. psychological
b. reflective
c. existential
d. ideal

A

A

56
Q

In contrast to the self-concepts of older children, younger children’s self-concepts

a. emphasize personality traits.
b. are far more accurate.
c. focus more on external qualities.
d. tend to stress family relationships.

A

C

57
Q

The belief in one’s ability to cause an intended event to happen is known as

a. self-perpetuation.
b. self-efficacy.
c. self-esteem.
d. self-determinism.

A

B

58
Q

Which of the following refers to children’s global evaluation of their own worth?

a. introspection
b. intrapersonal perception
c. self-construct
d. self-esteem

A

D

59
Q

Having a strong sense of _____________ may help shape children’s perceptions of, and answer questions about, the meaning of life, which can set the stage for dealing with the aspirations and challenges they will face in adolescence.

a. spirituality
b. assertiveness
c. personality
d. self-regulation

A

A

60
Q

Ten-year-old Leo would probably believe

a. that rules must always be followed without modification.
b. that intention is irrelevant to moral judgments.
c. that negative experiences are punishments for bad actions.
d. that you don’t get punished for rule violations unless you get caught.

A

D

61
Q

The process of making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts is called

a. deductive logic.
b. inductive logic.
c. moral reasoning.
d. moral relativism.

A

C

62
Q

According to Barenboim, children between the age of 6 and 11 increasingly describe their peers using psychological constructs rather than

a. esteem measures.
b. relativistic statements.
c. behavioural comparisons.
d. competitive statements.

A

C

63
Q

Children who believe that the rules of games can’t be changed because they are determined by authority figures are in what stage?

a. moral realism stage
b. moral reasoning stage
c. moral relativism stage
d. determined morality stage

A

A

64
Q

Piaget says that after age 8, children enter the moral relativism stage, in which they realize that

a. you can play a game even if everyone doesn’t follow the rules.
b. the rules of a game can’t be changed because they come from authorities.
c. people can agree to change the rules if they want to.
d. games are more fun if everyone makes up their own rules.

A

C

65
Q

Beverly’s parents like to sleep in on Saturday morning, while Beverly usually gets up early. They allow her to go into the kitchen and make her own simple breakfast of toast, juice, and milk while they continue to snooze. Beverly’s parents apparently have a high degree of confidence in their daughter’s capacity for

a. self-efficacy.
b. decentration.
c. reversibility.
d. self-regulation.

A

D

66
Q

Which of the following is associated with greater self-regulatory competence in children?

a. higher parental expectations
b. a permissive parental style
c. higher parental egocentrism
d. an authoritarian parental style

A

A

67
Q

In middle childhood, best friends are

a. very common. Half to three-quarters of school aged children report having at least one best friend.
b. nearly universal. Over 95% of school aged children report having one best friend.
c. relatively uncommon. Only 25% of school aged children report having at least one best friend.
d. somewhat rare. Only 10-15% of school aged children report having at least one best friend.

A

A

68
Q

Physical aggression _____________ over the preschool years __________________ during middle childhood.

a. declines; but starts to increase
b. increases; but starts to decline
c. steadily increases; and continues to increase
d. declines; and continues to decline

A

D

69
Q

From a developmental perspective, children

a. cannot be trusted to spend time in self-care before mid-adolescence.
b. younger than 10 do not have the cognitive abilities necessary to evaluate risks and deal with emergencies when left at home alone.
c. in middle childhood who are in self-care after school are more confident, better adjusted, and happier than those in out-of-home care.
d. can safely be left alone after school by the time they are 6, if they have emergency numbers to call.

A

B

70
Q

Studies of the effects of television viewing suggest that

a. educational television had positive effects on literacy, but not math skills.
b. preschoolers who watch more television have lower grades as adolescents, regardless of program quality.
c. content viewed is more important than the raw amount watched.
d. educational children’s programs have no effect on literacy skills.

A

C

71
Q

Brain-imaging studies that looked at the long-term effects of viewing a great number of violent television programs during childhood

a. revealed altered patterns of neural activity that suggest an emotional desensitization toward violence.
b. showed reduced activation of areas associated with impulse inhibition and emotional control.
c. found increases in activity in brain areas associated with empathy.
d. confirmed that exposure to televised violence in an experimental setting made no noticeable difference in children’s aggressive behaviours.

A

A

72
Q

Freud’s theories have been instrumental in

a. modern-day research on peer rejection and other emotional aspects of middle childhood.
b. discussions related to social expectations for children in middle childhood.
c. developing morality theories.
d. solving the mysteries of the industry versus inferiority crisis.

A

A

73
Q

Lauren’s teacher has challenged her to read 20 books by the end of the school year, and Lauren is working very hard to achieve this goal. Her diligence to complete this task is indicative of children who are in which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

a. industry versus inferiority
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. identity versus identity confusion
d. trust versus mistrust

A

A

74
Q

Being artistic and imaginative relates to which “Big Five” personality trait?

a. openness/intellect
b. conscientiousness
c. neuroticism
d. agreeableness

A

A

75
Q

For Bandura, self-efficacy is a term that refers to

a. personality.
b. self-esteem.
c. self-determinism.
d. self-perceived competence.

A

D

76
Q

Compared to a 6-year-old, a 10-year-old is more likely to use _______________ in self-descriptions.

a. physical descriptors
b. comparisons
c. simple psychological descriptors
d. absolute descriptions

A

B

77
Q

In addition to the perceived discrepancy between the ideal and actual self, a child’s self-esteem also depends upon the

a. skills and abilities that other children his age admire.
b. plans that he has for his future and the likelihood that he will attain them.
c. amount of social support she receives from the important people around her.
d. media images she sees of successful people in her culture.

A

C

78
Q

Noah and Riley are playing hockey on their street. Noah wants to change the rules to allow his little brother to play, but Riley insists that both teams must have the same number of players according to the rules. Noah is demonstrating

a. self-regulation.
b. moral realism.
c. moral relativism.
d. a psychological construct.

A

C

79
Q

According to Piaget, at which developmental stage does moral reasoning begin to emerge?

a. concrete operational
b. formal operational
c. preoperational
d. sensorimotor

A

A

80
Q

Children who are older than 8 typically believe that children should

a. not be punished if it seems that they are really sorry they got caught.
b. be punished if they do something wrong and then lie about it.
c. be punished if they intentionally do something wrong.
d. not be punished if they say they didn’t remember what they were told not to do.

A

C

81
Q

If he is a typical 8-year-old, which of the following variables will be most important to William’s selection of friends?

a. intelligence
b. ethnicity
c. socio-economic status
d. gender

A

D

82
Q
A

PSYCH 223 (15 decks)

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