Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards
_____ is a term when life starts
Fertilization
This happens when sperm penetrates the ovum
Conception
___ are cells that have only 23 chromosomes
gametes
___ forms when the 23 chromosomes of the sperm unite with the 23 chromosomes of the ovum.
zygote
_______ or gestation is the process that transforms a zygote into a newborn
Prenatal development
In ______ development is where we see the most fast-paced rapid change
Prenatal
_____ is development that proceeds from the head downward.
Baby first learns how to stabilize their head.
Cephalocaudal pattern
____ is development that proceeds from the middle of the body outward.
- spinal cord
- internal organs
- arms
- fingers
Proximodistal pattern
_____ stage is when the baby is called a zygote. this is the first stage and shortest stage
Happens after 2 weeks of fertilization
In this stage, cells are already becoming specialized.
Germinal
On day 5, the cells become a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a ____
blastocyst
_____ is a specialized organ that allows substances to be transferred from mother to embryo and from embryo to mother, without their blood mixing.
Placenta
____ is an organ that connects the embryo to the placenta.
Umbilical cord
_____ is a fluid-filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born
Amnion (amniotic fluid)
In this stage of prenatal development, the organism firmly secures to uterus and is called an embryo.
End of week 2-> 8 weeks
Development of major organs and basic anatomy happens in this stage
Embryonic stage
____ (specialized cells of the nervous system) form the neural tube, from which the brain and spinal cord develop by week 4.
Neurons
Gonads (sex glands) develop in week ___
6
____ (process of organ development) begins in week 3 and is complete in week 8
organogenesis
This is the last stage in prenatal development where the baby is called a fetus
End of week 8-> birth
This formally starts when differentiation and refinement of major organs has occurred
Fetal stage
____ is the ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb
Viability
In 8-24 weeks, ___ are being released and those ____ that are released lead to sex differentiation
hormones
The differences that there are between fetuses are because of the difference between ___ and differences in the environment of the womb.
genetics
In weeks _____,
-fingerprints develop
-grasping reflex
-facial expressions
- swallowing and rhythmic “breathing” of amniotic fluid
-urination
-genitalia alternating periods of physical activity and rest
9-12
In weeks ____
-hair follicles develop
-responses to mother’s voice and loud noises
13-16
In weeks ____, fetal movements felt by mother.
-heartbeat detectable with stethoscope
-hair covers body
-eyes respond to light introduced into the womb
-eyebrows, fingernails
17-20
In weeks _____,
-vernix(oily substance) protects skin
- lungs produce surfactant
- viability becomes possible, but not probable
21-24
In weeks ____,
-recognition of mother’s voice
- regular periods of rest and activity
- good chance of survival if born now
25-28
IN weeks _____,
-very rapid growth
- antibodies acquired from mother
- excellent chance of survival
29-32
In weeks ____,
-movement to head-down position for birth
- lungs mature
- 100% chance of survival
33-36
In weeks ____ and above,
-full term status
37
the pace of neural formation picks up dramatically between the 10th and 18th weeks, a process known as _____ _____
neuronal proliferation
Once they have reached their final destinations in the fetal brain, the neurons begin to develop connections, called _____
synapses
Fetus is capable of visual focus, horizontal and vertical tracking by ___ weeks
32
Eyelids closed until about 26th week but sensitive to light weeks ____
17-20
____ is the first sense to develop in fetuses. It is already developed at 8 weeks of gestation
Touch
The first area to display sensitivity to touch is the ____ region (mouth)
perioral
By ___ weeks gestation all of the fetus displays sensitivity to touch
32
taste buds of a fetus looks like taste buds of a _____
newborn
_____ contains a variety of flavors.
fetus show preference for sweet taste
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid takes on odors from ______
mother’s food
TRUE or FALSE
you can pass down taste preference to children
TRUE
Can babies in womb hear mother and other people talking?
Yes
By __ months, you can see reaction from the fetus to sounds like change in fetal heartrate and change in fetal movement.
6
____ fetuses tend to grow more slowly.
_____ fetuses are more responsive to touch, while ____ fetuses appear to be more responsive to sounds.
female, male, female
Female fetuses advance more rapidly in ___ development, which persists through childhood and early adolescence.
skeletal
Very ____ fetuses tend to become children who are very active
(behavior in the womb can continue on outside the womb)
active
Fetuses who are less active than average are more likely to show greater _____ and _____ as children
fearfulness and shyness
_____ ______ are abnormalities present at birth.
Most are rare, a lot are preventable and not all will have permanent consequences to a child.
Congenital anomalies
Many recessive disorders are associated with _____
ethnicity
A ____ is a condition in which a child has three copies of a specific autosome.
trisomy
the risk of bearing a child with trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) ____ (rises/declines) with maternal age
rises
Two anomalies associated with the sex chromosomes
- Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
- Turner’s syndrome (XO)
_______ are agents or conditions that can cause congenital abnormalities
ex: maternal diseases, drugs, mutagenic, paternal influences
Teratogens
The point in time where teratogens are gonna cause the most problems is the time at which that part of the body is developing most ______
rapidly
The greatest risk from most teratogens is in the first ___ weeks of gestation, because most organ systems develop most rapidly during this period.
8
_____, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of many sexually transmitted organisms that can be passed directly from mother to fetus
HIV
Mothers who are heavy drinkers or have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at significant risk of delivering infants with ____ ______ _____ (FAS)
fetal alcohol syndrome
Increased prenatal substance exposure contributes to behavioral problems by age ___ which can have implications for physical and psychological outcomes across the lifespan.
5
____ cause changes (mutations) in genomic DNA
Mutagens
_____ teratogens damage cells or disrupt normal cell development.
Environmental
______ teratogens cause abnormal gene silencing or expression.
Epimutagenic
______ pass on roughly 55 genetic mutations to their children compared to a _____’s 14 mutations
Fathers, mother
Physical abuse of the mother during pregnancy _____ (can/ can not) result in injury to the fetus.
can
Adverse birth outcomes and congenital anomalies in offspring have been linked with both ___ fathers and ___ fathers.
teen and old
The sex of the new individual is determined by
a. when in the woman’s cycle the conception occurs.
b. the sex chromosome contained in the sperm that fertilizes the egg.
c. the level of acidity in the woman’s womb at the time of conception.
d. the chromosomal combination in the first pair of chromosomes.
B
Based on the research that behavioural geneticists have done with twins, we know that
a. identical twins who are reared apart are still more similar in tested intelligence than fraternal twins who are reared together.
b. no statistically significant difference is found in intelligence scores between identical twins, fraternal twins, and non-twin siblings.
c. the tested intelligence of fraternal twins is more similar than the tested intelligence of identical twins.
d. the greatest similarity in tested intelligence occurs between non-twin siblings who are reared together.
A
Which of the following statements about twins is true?
a. When a single zygote separates into two parts early in development, the result is monozygotic twins.
b. About one-third of all twins are fraternal twins.
c. Twins are more likely to be born to a younger mother than to an older mother.
d. The number of twins born in North America has decreased in recent years.
A
Which of the following statements about X and Y chromosomes is true?
a. The Y chromosome is quite small and contains only a few genes.
b. A conception with two Y chromosomes is a male conception.
c. The presence of an X chromosome is associated with birth defects.
d. The X chromosome is only half the size of the Y chromosome.
A
The ____________ is the fluid-filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born.
a. yolk sac
b. blastocyst
c. placenta
d. amnion
D
Prenatal care during the first trimester is critical because
a. the zygote can’t implant in the uterus without it.
b. all of the baby’s organs are formed during the first eight weeks.
c. otherwise the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm will fail to differentiate.
d. it will prevent the mother from suffering from morning sickness.
B
Which of the following is a good match between trimester and pregnancy event?
a. first: fetal movements felt
b. first: weight gain
c. third: greatest risk of miscarriage
d. second: begins to “show”
D
The proximodistal pattern guides development so that
a. it progresses at the same pace throughout the body.
b. the sensory organs form before the digestive system.
c. it starts from the head and moves down through the body.
d. it moves from the centre of the body outward to the extremities.
D
Compared to female fetuses, male fetuses
a. are smaller.
b. are less active.
c. grow more rapidly.
d. are more advanced in bone development.
C
If a woman has a case of genital herpes during her pregnancy,
a. she probably won’t realize she has the disease because no recognizable symptoms will be present.
b. it will affect her fertility, and she will be unlikely to have other children in the future.
c. her doctor will prescribe medication to protect her infant from the virus.
d. her baby will likely be delivered surgically to prevent infecting the infant during the birth process.
D
It is difficult to interpret the findings from research on teenage mothers because
a. the research that has been conducted has been limited to cross-sectional studies.
b. of the significant amount of bias against teenage girls who become pregnant.
c. an adequate number of studies have not yet been done to be able to make general conclusions.
d. the age of the mother is often confounded with other risk factors, such as not getting prenatal care or having a healthy diet.
D
According to a study described in the textbook, older fathers
produce offspring that
a. are every bit as healthy as younger fathers’ children.
b. pass on more genetic mutations to their offspring than younger fathers do.
c. are more likely to physically abuse pregnant mothers.
d. are less likely than younger fathers to have children with autism.
B
The _______ pattern refers to the fact that the brain forms before reproductive organs, whereas the _______ pattern refers to the fact that the rib cage forms before the fingers.
a. germinal; organogenesis
b. teratogenic; dominant-recessive
c. cephalocaudal; proximodistal
d. proximodistal; cephalocaudal
C
Exposure to a teratogen may not impact a fetus if
a. the mother has never before encountered the teratogen.
b. exposure is limited to a single, intense event.
c. the mother consumes sufficient amounts of folic acid.
d. exposure does not occur during a period of rapid growth in the affected systems.
D
Which of the following disease-causing microorganisms is found in 60% of women, most of whom have no symptoms?
a. rubella
b. flu
c. cytomegalovirus (CMV)
d. HIV
C
Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
a. Epimutations cause changes to genomic DNA.
b. Epimutations can be shaped by social and cultural factors .
c. Epimutations can be inherited.
d. Epimutations may account for a large percentage of congenital anomalies.
A
