Chapter 6: Social and Personality development in Infancy

Question 1

According to Freud, this is the psychosexual stage in infancy (birth to 2 years) where infants derive satisfaction through the mouth.

Answer 1

Oral stage

Question 2

In Freud’s oral stage, the ________ process needs to be managed so that the infant’s need to such is neither frustrated nor over-granted.

Answer 2

weaning

Question 3

Freud believed that ______ in the oral stage would manifest itself in oral behaviors such as nail-biting and swearing.

Answer 3

fixation

Question 4

According to Erikson, this is the psychosocial stage in infancy.
This is the period which the infant learns to trust the world around or becomes cynical about the social environment’s ability to meet needs.

Answer 4

trust vs. mistrust

Question 5

Infants have innate predisposition to form emotional bonds with ____ because of survival value.

Answer 5

caregivers

Question 6

________ is the emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security.

Answer 6

Attachment

Question 7

_______ _______ by Bowlby is the view that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life are genetic characteristics of all human beings.

Answer 7

Attachment theory

Question 8

The _________(existential) self is the idea that you exist.
- an infant’s awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment.

Answer 8

Subjective

Question 9

Like object permanence, babies are usually fully aware of the subjective self by ___ to __ months of age.

Answer 9

8 to 12

Question 10

The ________(Categorical) self is the toddler’s understanding that she is defined by various categorized (e.g., gender) or qualities (e.g., shyness)

Answer 10

Objective

Question 11

A child develops the initial self-awareness that delineates the formation of the objective self by about _____ years old

Answer 11

2 1/2

Question 12

This test involves putting a color on the child’s nose. If they touch the mirror, they don’t know that they exist.

Answer 12

Rouge test

Question 13

Development of the ________ ______ begins when the baby learns to identify changes in emotions expressed in others’ faces, at 2-3 months.

Answer 13

emotional self

Question 14

Near the end of the first year, babies use the _______’s emotions to guide their own feelings

Answer 14

caregiver

Question 15

Near the end of the second year, ___________ emotional expressions emerge. ex: shame, embarrassment

Answer 15

self-conscious

Question 16

An infant becomes aware that other people have separate intentions or “internal mental states” (a mind of their own) at __ years.

Answer 16

2

Question 17

A child’s capability to pay attention to both another person’s intentions and an object at the same time (for example to draw someone’s attention to a toy) is a form of _____ attention.

Answer 17

joint

Question 18

______ is a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment.

Answer 18

Personality

Question 19

_______ is an inborn predispositions such as activity level that form the foundations of personality.
This shapes the personality and becomes relatively stable into adolescence

Answer 19

Temperament

Question 20

What are Thomas and Chess’ three dominant temperament types?

Answer 20

1. Easy
2. Slow-to-warm-up
3. Difficult

Question 21

This key dimension of temperament is a tendency to move often and vigorously, rather than to remain passive or immobile.

Answer 21

Activity level

Question 22

This key dimension of temperament is a tendency to move toward, rather than away, from new experiences, usually accompanied by positive emotion.

Answer 22

Approach/positive emotionality

Question 23

This key dimension of temperament is the flip side of approach and is a tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal in new situations.
- this seems to be a precursor to shyness

Answer 23

Inhibition

Question 24

This key dimension of temperament is the tendency to respond with anger, fussing, loudness, or irritability or a low threshold of frustrations.

Answer 24

Negative emotionality

Question 25

This key dimension of temperament is the ability to stay focused and to manage attention and effort.

Answer 25

Effortful control/ task persistence

Question 26

Identical twins are ___(more/less) alike in temperament than fraternal twins.

Answer 26

more

Question 27

________ mechanisms that control the expression of particular genes play a role in temperament.

Answer 27

Epigenetic

Question 28

Sandra Scarr describes ‘_________’: people of all ages choose the experiences that reflect their temperaments.

Answer 28

niche-picking

Question 29

______ may also be able to either increase or decrease the effects of an infant’s inborn temperamental tendencies.

Answer 29

Parents

Question 30

_____________ is the degree to which an infant’s temperament is adaptable to his or her environment, and vice versa.

Answer 30

Goodness-of-fit

Question 31

Temperamental patterns seen in _____ tend to persist through childhood and into adulthood.

Answer 31

infancy

Question 32

Researchers have found considerable _____ at various ages in measures of inhibition.

Answer 32

consistency

Question 33

______ is a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and a child.

Answer 33

Synchrony

Question 34

This phase in establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 0-3 months.
- proximity promoting behaviors
- uses an innate set of behavior patterns to signal needs and draw others’ attention.

Answer 34

Nonfocused orienting and signalling

Question 35

This phase in establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 3-6 months.
- smiles more at people who regularly care for her
- still uses proximity promoting behaviors with many

Answer 35

Focus on one or more figures

Question 36

This phase of establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 6-24 months.
- proximity seeking behaviors
- true attachment emerges- most important person is used as a safe base for explorations

Answer 36

Secure base behavior

Question 37

This phase of establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 24 months and beyond.
- can imagine how actions might affect the bonds they share with their caregivers.
- plays a role in later relationships with early caregivers and in other significant relationships.

Answer 37

Internal model

Question 38

_________ _________ is an attachment behavior where there is expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers.

Answer 38

Stranger anxiety

Question 39

________ ________ is an attachment behavior where there is expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure.
This is from 7-8 months and peaks at 14 months

Answer 39

Separation anxiety

Question 40

______ ________ is an attachment behavior where infant’s use of other’s facial expressions as a guide to his or her own emotions.

Answer 40

Social referencing

Question 41

Who proposed the strange situation paradigm? (infant-caregiver attachment)

Answer 41

Mary Ainsworth

Question 42

This type of attachment is the most common pattern in every country. Children greet parents with positive emotions

Answer 42

Secure attachment

Question 43

This type of insecure attachment is when a child is wary of strangers.

Answer 43

Ambivalent attachment

Question 44

This type of insecure attachment is when a child may avoid parents.

Answer 44

Avoidant attachment

Question 45

This type of insecure attachment is when a child experiences confusion or apprehension.

Answer 45

Disordered attachment

Question 46

In a _______ type of relationship, mothers are more sensitive to their infant’s needs and their infant tends to be less fussy and enjoy physical contact.

Answer 46

secure

Question 47

_________ in a child’s family environment is associated with a stable attachment style, whereas ________ can result in attachment changes in a negative or positive direction.

Answer 47

Consistency, Inconsistency

Question 48

Bowlby suggests that by age __ or __ the child has internalized the attachment pattern, and that model tends to be imposed on other relationships, for example with teachers or peers.

Answer 48

4 or 5

Question 49

Children rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy are later
______(more/less) sociable and more positive in their behavior toward friends and siblings.
_______(more/less) clinging and dependent on teachers and ______(more/less) aggressive and disruptive.
________(more/less) empathetic and ______(more/less) emotionally mature in their interactions in school and other settings

Answer 49

more
less, less
more, more

Question 50

According to Freud, if an infant’s need to suck is either frustrated or overgratified during weaning, the infant

a. will fail to form a secure attachment to his or her caregiver.
b. will become fixated at the oral stage of development.
c. will not be able to resolve the Oedipal complex in later childhood.
d. may develop a sense of mistrust of the caregiver.

Answer 50

B

Question 51

Harlow and Zimmerman’s work with infant monkeys seems to suggest that

a. with no live mother present, monkeys will indiscriminately attach to an artificial mother.
b. monkeys choose to spend as much time as possible where the food is.
c. infant monkeys are very different from infant humans.
d. infants’ social relationships are not based solely on feeding practices.

Answer 51

D

Question 52

Attachment theory is based on an ethological approach because it suggests that

a. humans are motivated to seek self-actualization.
b. the consequences of behaviour shape future behaviour.
c. attachment relationships have been shaped by evolutionary forces.
d. satisfaction of libidinal drives leads to development of the ego.

Answer 52

C

Question 53

According to Bowlby, once a child has formed an internal model of relationships,

a. the child notices and remembers experiences that fit her models.
b. the child generalizes that internal model only to individuals who are similar to the original model in physical characteristics.
c. the child shows stranger anxiety toward anyone who doesn’t fit that internal model.
d. the child strives to create new relationships that intentionally differ from the existing models.

Answer 53

A

Question 54

Findings from research on adoptions lead to the conclusion that

a. parenting any adopted child isn’t different from parenting a biological child.
b. the child’s early experiences make little difference if the adoptive parents are committed to the child.
c. raising a low-risk adopted child differs little from raising a biological child.
d. to be successful, it is important to match children and parents on race and/or nationality.

Answer 54

C

Question 55

When an infant signals his needs or his pleasure and his parents respond with the appropriate caregiving behaviours, they are engaging in a pattern of attachment behaviour called

a. niche picking.
b. functional exchange.
c. orienting.
d. synchrony.

Answer 55

D

Question 56

Variations in the quality of the first attachment relationship are almost universally described using a procedure called

a. the Strange Situation.
b. social referencing.
c. separation anxiety.
d. stranger anxiety.

Answer 56

A

Question 57

When a child who is being observed in the Strange Situation shows little exploration of the environment and is greatly upset when separated from his mother but is not reassured by her return, the child is most likely to be classified as

a. disoriented.
b. disorganized.
c. avoidant.
d. ambivalent.

Answer 57

D

Question 58

Infants of depressed mothers are less negatively affected if

a. the child has a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
b. the family is high in socio-economic status .
c. the infant is a boy.
d. their mothers exhibit sensitive parenting behaviour.

Answer 58

D

Question 59

Research on the quality of attachment has found that

a. changes in attachment classification are associated with major upheavals.
b. attachment is an unstable characteristic that changes frequently over time.
c. attachment is such an integral part of personality that it does not change over time.
d. children predictably move from insecure attachment to secure attachment.

Answer 59

A

Question 60

Parental influence may have the greatest impact for children

a. whose temperaments lie on an extreme of the temperamental continuum.
b. after age 4.
c. with temperaments in the easy range.
d. with temperaments in the middle range.

Answer 60

A

Question 61

In the development of a self-concept, the first aspect to develop—the idea of “I exist”—is the

a. objective self.
b. impersonal self.
c. subjective self.
d. categorical self.

Answer 61

C

Question 62

When there is goodness-of-fit, the parents of a “difficult” baby will

a. exhibit a high degree of tolerance toward their child’s irritability.
b. encourage attachment by allowing the child to feed more often than is typical.
c. find an “easy” baby as a companion, hoping the child will copy the easy baby’s traits.
d. wean the child early in order to promote independence and self-soothing.

Answer 62

A

Question 63

The development of the emotional self begins

a. at 2 to 3 months of age, when the infant can identify emotions expressed in others’ faces.
b. when the child can first express embarrassment, pride, and shame.
c. at the end of the first year, when the infant can use others’ actions to guide her behaviour.
d. at 5 to 7 months, when the infant recognizes changes in emotions in the voices he hears.

Answer 63

A

Question 64

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to child care for Canadian children?

a. Almost as many fathers as mothers are now taking at least a month of parental leave.
b. More than half of children under the age of 4 are cared for by someone other than a parent on a regular basis.
c. Most infants under the age of 12 months are cared for in licenced child-care facilities.
d. More than 75% of infants under 12 months of age are currently in some form of child care.

Answer 64

B

Question 65

Harlow’s research demonstrated that, within a monkey population,

a. the infant–mother relationship is based solely on weaning practices.
b. the infant–mother relationship is based solely on nursing practices.
c. the infant–mother relationship is based on the mother’s ability to comfort and cuddle the infant when the infant is frightened or stressed.
d. the infant–mother relationship is not as important as the infant–father relationship.

Answer 65

C

Question 66

According to the text, current studies of father–infant relationships

a. suggest that fathers behave pretty much the same way all over the world.
b. show that fathering has little impact on the overall well-being of infants.
c. show that across cultures, the father’s involvement is beneficial to infants’ development.
d. show that mothers and fathers interact with infants in identical ways in Western cultures.

Answer 66

C

Question 67

The parents of 10-month-old Eduardo have noticed that Eduardo will crawl to follow them as they move from room to room and that he will look at them before he responds to a stranger or before he attempts a new adventure. How would you explain Eduardo’s behaviour?

a. This type of emotional dependency indicates that Eduardo may have developed reactive attachment disorder.
b. These dependent behaviours represent a form of insecure attachment in which the infant cannot successfully separate from his parents.
c. Eduardo is in the first stage of development of an attachment relationship in which an infant uses proximity-promoting behaviours to orient himself toward others and signal his needs.
d. Eduardo is demonstrating proximity-seeking and secure-base behaviours, which means that he has developed an attachment relationship with his parents.

Answer 67

D

Question 68

Contingent responsiveness refers to

a. a person’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships.
b. a caregiver’s readiness to form an emotional attachment.
c. being sensitive to the infant’s verbal and nonverbal cues and responding appropriately.
d. pleasant physical contact in context of social interactions.

Answer 68

C

Question 69

Which of these infants would be classified as difficult according to the categories proposed by Thomas and Chess?

a. Samir displays irregular eating and sleeping patterns and is very irritable.
b. Lucinda is unresponsive to unfamiliar people.
c. Brock approaches new events positively and displays regular eating and sleeping patterns.
d. Avi prefers to be cared for by his father rather than his mother.

Answer 69

A

Question 70

Joint attention requires

a. frontal lobe asymmetry.
b. goodness of fit.
c. awareness of the intentions of others.
d. a categorical self.

Answer 70

C

Question 71

Once a baby recognizes herself in a mirror, she has developed

a. the emotional self.
b. the subjective self.
c. the objective self.
d. attachment to self.

Answer 71

C