Chapter 6: Social and Personality development in Infancy Flashcards
According to Freud, this is the psychosexual stage in infancy (birth to 2 years) where infants derive satisfaction through the mouth.
Oral stage
In Freud’s oral stage, the ________ process needs to be managed so that the infant’s need to such is neither frustrated nor over-granted.
weaning
Freud believed that ______ in the oral stage would manifest itself in oral behaviors such as nail-biting and swearing.
fixation
According to Erikson, this is the psychosocial stage in infancy.
This is the period which the infant learns to trust the world around or becomes cynical about the social environment’s ability to meet needs.
trust vs. mistrust
Infants have innate predisposition to form emotional bonds with ____ because of survival value.
caregivers
________ is the emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security.
Attachment
_______ _______ by Bowlby is the view that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life are genetic characteristics of all human beings.
Attachment theory
The _________(existential) self is the idea that you exist.
- an infant’s awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment.
Subjective
Like object permanence, babies are usually fully aware of the subjective self by ___ to __ months of age.
8 to 12
The ________(Categorical) self is the toddler’s understanding that she is defined by various categorized (e.g., gender) or qualities (e.g., shyness)
Objective
A child develops the initial self-awareness that delineates the formation of the objective self by about _____ years old
2 1/2
This test involves putting a color on the child’s nose. If they touch the mirror, they don’t know that they exist.
Rouge test
Development of the ________ ______ begins when the baby learns to identify changes in emotions expressed in others’ faces, at 2-3 months.
emotional self
Near the end of the first year, babies use the _______’s emotions to guide their own feelings
caregiver
Near the end of the second year, ___________ emotional expressions emerge. ex: shame, embarrassment
self-conscious
An infant becomes aware that other people have separate intentions or “internal mental states” (a mind of their own) at __ years.
2
A child’s capability to pay attention to both another person’s intentions and an object at the same time (for example to draw someone’s attention to a toy) is a form of _____ attention.
joint
______ is a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment.
Personality
_______ is an inborn predispositions such as activity level that form the foundations of personality.
This shapes the personality and becomes relatively stable into adolescence
Temperament
What are Thomas and Chess’ three dominant temperament types?
- Easy
- Slow-to-warm-up
- Difficult
This key dimension of temperament is a tendency to move often and vigorously, rather than to remain passive or immobile.
Activity level
This key dimension of temperament is a tendency to move toward, rather than away, from new experiences, usually accompanied by positive emotion.
Approach/positive emotionality
This key dimension of temperament is the flip side of approach and is a tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal in new situations.
- this seems to be a precursor to shyness
Inhibition
This key dimension of temperament is the tendency to respond with anger, fussing, loudness, or irritability or a low threshold of frustrations.
Negative emotionality
This key dimension of temperament is the ability to stay focused and to manage attention and effort.
Effortful control/ task persistence
Identical twins are ___(more/less) alike in temperament than fraternal twins.
more
________ mechanisms that control the expression of particular genes play a role in temperament.
Epigenetic
Sandra Scarr describes ‘_________’: people of all ages choose the experiences that reflect their temperaments.
niche-picking
______ may also be able to either increase or decrease the effects of an infant’s inborn temperamental tendencies.
Parents
_____________ is the degree to which an infant’s temperament is adaptable to his or her environment, and vice versa.
Goodness-of-fit
Temperamental patterns seen in _____ tend to persist through childhood and into adulthood.
infancy
Researchers have found considerable _____ at various ages in measures of inhibition.
consistency
______ is a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and a child.
Synchrony
This phase in establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 0-3 months.
- proximity promoting behaviors
- uses an innate set of behavior patterns to signal needs and draw others’ attention.
Nonfocused orienting and signalling
This phase in establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 3-6 months.
- smiles more at people who regularly care for her
- still uses proximity promoting behaviors with many
Focus on one or more figures
This phase of establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 6-24 months.
- proximity seeking behaviors
- true attachment emerges- most important person is used as a safe base for explorations
Secure base behavior
This phase of establishing attachment by Bowlby is from 24 months and beyond.
- can imagine how actions might affect the bonds they share with their caregivers.
- plays a role in later relationships with early caregivers and in other significant relationships.
Internal model
_________ _________ is an attachment behavior where there is expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers.
Stranger anxiety
________ ________ is an attachment behavior where there is expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure.
This is from 7-8 months and peaks at 14 months
Separation anxiety
______ ________ is an attachment behavior where infant’s use of other’s facial expressions as a guide to his or her own emotions.
Social referencing
Who proposed the strange situation paradigm? (infant-caregiver attachment)
Mary Ainsworth
This type of attachment is the most common pattern in every country. Children greet parents with positive emotions
Secure attachment
This type of insecure attachment is when a child is wary of strangers.
Ambivalent attachment
This type of insecure attachment is when a child may avoid parents.
Avoidant attachment
This type of insecure attachment is when a child experiences confusion or apprehension.
Disordered attachment
In a _______ type of relationship, mothers are more sensitive to their infant’s needs and their infant tends to be less fussy and enjoy physical contact.
secure
_________ in a child’s family environment is associated with a stable attachment style, whereas ________ can result in attachment changes in a negative or positive direction.
Consistency, Inconsistency
Bowlby suggests that by age __ or __ the child has internalized the attachment pattern, and that model tends to be imposed on other relationships, for example with teachers or peers.
4 or 5
Children rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy are later
______(more/less) sociable and more positive in their behavior toward friends and siblings.
_______(more/less) clinging and dependent on teachers and ______(more/less) aggressive and disruptive.
________(more/less) empathetic and ______(more/less) emotionally mature in their interactions in school and other settings
more
less, less
more, more
According to Freud, if an infant’s need to suck is either frustrated or overgratified during weaning, the infant
a. will fail to form a secure attachment to his or her caregiver.
b. will become fixated at the oral stage of development.
c. will not be able to resolve the Oedipal complex in later childhood.
d. may develop a sense of mistrust of the caregiver.
B
Harlow and Zimmerman’s work with infant monkeys seems to suggest that
a. with no live mother present, monkeys will indiscriminately attach to an artificial mother.
b. monkeys choose to spend as much time as possible where the food is.
c. infant monkeys are very different from infant humans.
d. infants’ social relationships are not based solely on feeding practices.
D
Attachment theory is based on an ethological approach because it suggests that
a. humans are motivated to seek self-actualization.
b. the consequences of behaviour shape future behaviour.
c. attachment relationships have been shaped by evolutionary forces.
d. satisfaction of libidinal drives leads to development of the ego.
C
According to Bowlby, once a child has formed an internal model of relationships,
a. the child notices and remembers experiences that fit her models.
b. the child generalizes that internal model only to individuals who are similar to the original model in physical characteristics.
c. the child shows stranger anxiety toward anyone who doesn’t fit that internal model.
d. the child strives to create new relationships that intentionally differ from the existing models.
A
Findings from research on adoptions lead to the conclusion that
a. parenting any adopted child isn’t different from parenting a biological child.
b. the child’s early experiences make little difference if the adoptive parents are committed to the child.
c. raising a low-risk adopted child differs little from raising a biological child.
d. to be successful, it is important to match children and parents on race and/or nationality.
C
When an infant signals his needs or his pleasure and his parents respond with the appropriate caregiving behaviours, they are engaging in a pattern of attachment behaviour called
a. niche picking.
b. functional exchange.
c. orienting.
d. synchrony.
D
Variations in the quality of the first attachment relationship are almost universally described using a procedure called
a. the Strange Situation.
b. social referencing.
c. separation anxiety.
d. stranger anxiety.
A
When a child who is being observed in the Strange Situation shows little exploration of the environment and is greatly upset when separated from his mother but is not reassured by her return, the child is most likely to be classified as
a. disoriented.
b. disorganized.
c. avoidant.
d. ambivalent.
D
Infants of depressed mothers are less negatively affected if
a. the child has a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
b. the family is high in socio-economic status .
c. the infant is a boy.
d. their mothers exhibit sensitive parenting behaviour.
D
Research on the quality of attachment has found that
a. changes in attachment classification are associated with major upheavals.
b. attachment is an unstable characteristic that changes frequently over time.
c. attachment is such an integral part of personality that it does not change over time.
d. children predictably move from insecure attachment to secure attachment.
A
Parental influence may have the greatest impact for children
a. whose temperaments lie on an extreme of the temperamental continuum.
b. after age 4.
c. with temperaments in the easy range.
d. with temperaments in the middle range.
A
In the development of a self-concept, the first aspect to develop—the idea of “I exist”—is the
a. objective self.
b. impersonal self.
c. subjective self.
d. categorical self.
C
When there is goodness-of-fit, the parents of a “difficult” baby will
a. exhibit a high degree of tolerance toward their child’s irritability.
b. encourage attachment by allowing the child to feed more often than is typical.
c. find an “easy” baby as a companion, hoping the child will copy the easy baby’s traits.
d. wean the child early in order to promote independence and self-soothing.
A
The development of the emotional self begins
a. at 2 to 3 months of age, when the infant can identify emotions expressed in others’ faces.
b. when the child can first express embarrassment, pride, and shame.
c. at the end of the first year, when the infant can use others’ actions to guide her behaviour.
d. at 5 to 7 months, when the infant recognizes changes in emotions in the voices he hears.
A
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to child care for Canadian children?
a. Almost as many fathers as mothers are now taking at least a month of parental leave.
b. More than half of children under the age of 4 are cared for by someone other than a parent on a regular basis.
c. Most infants under the age of 12 months are cared for in licenced child-care facilities.
d. More than 75% of infants under 12 months of age are currently in some form of child care.
B
Harlow’s research demonstrated that, within a monkey population,
a. the infant–mother relationship is based solely on weaning practices.
b. the infant–mother relationship is based solely on nursing practices.
c. the infant–mother relationship is based on the mother’s ability to comfort and cuddle the infant when the infant is frightened or stressed.
d. the infant–mother relationship is not as important as the infant–father relationship.
C
According to the text, current studies of father–infant relationships
a. suggest that fathers behave pretty much the same way all over the world.
b. show that fathering has little impact on the overall well-being of infants.
c. show that across cultures, the father’s involvement is beneficial to infants’ development.
d. show that mothers and fathers interact with infants in identical ways in Western cultures.
C
The parents of 10-month-old Eduardo have noticed that Eduardo will crawl to follow them as they move from room to room and that he will look at them before he responds to a stranger or before he attempts a new adventure. How would you explain Eduardo’s behaviour?
a. This type of emotional dependency indicates that Eduardo may have developed reactive attachment disorder.
b. These dependent behaviours represent a form of insecure attachment in which the infant cannot successfully separate from his parents.
c. Eduardo is in the first stage of development of an attachment relationship in which an infant uses proximity-promoting behaviours to orient himself toward others and signal his needs.
d. Eduardo is demonstrating proximity-seeking and secure-base behaviours, which means that he has developed an attachment relationship with his parents.
D
Contingent responsiveness refers to
a. a person’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships.
b. a caregiver’s readiness to form an emotional attachment.
c. being sensitive to the infant’s verbal and nonverbal cues and responding appropriately.
d. pleasant physical contact in context of social interactions.
C
Which of these infants would be classified as difficult according to the categories proposed by Thomas and Chess?
a. Samir displays irregular eating and sleeping patterns and is very irritable.
b. Lucinda is unresponsive to unfamiliar people.
c. Brock approaches new events positively and displays regular eating and sleeping patterns.
d. Avi prefers to be cared for by his father rather than his mother.
A
Joint attention requires
a. frontal lobe asymmetry.
b. goodness of fit.
c. awareness of the intentions of others.
d. a categorical self.
C
Once a baby recognizes herself in a mirror, she has developed
a. the emotional self.
b. the subjective self.
c. the objective self.
d. attachment to self.
C
