Chapter 12: Social and Personality development in Adolescence Flashcards
According to ______,post-pubertal years are the last stage of personality development.
Freud
________ stage is the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity.
Genital
The primary developmental task of the genital stage is to channel the ________ into a healthy sexual relationship.
libido
A prominent feature of adolescence is the emergence of _______ _______. For Freud, these interests are the central theme of adolescence
romantic interests.
What is Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective in adolescence?
Identity vs. role confusion
______________ is the 5th stage of Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective. The stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are.
During this period the adolescent’s mind is in a kind of moratorium between childhood and adulthood.
Identity vs. role confusion
______ is an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles.
Identity
_______ _____ is the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved.
Identity crisis
According to James Marcia, adolescent identity formation has two key parts:
crisis and commitment
_____ is a period of decision making when old values and choices are re-examined
- can be happening at a time of upheaval or can be happening in a process that’s more gradual
Crisis
In this identity status, the person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.
Identity achievement
In this identity status, the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no commitment.
Moratorium
This is the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment.
Foreclosure
This is the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment.
Identity diffusion
The quest for personal identity continues throughout the lifespan, with alternating periods of ________ and ________.
instability and stability
___________ is a process by which a child or adolescent prematurely take son adult roles and responsibilities
Adultification
Self-definitions become more and more ______ in adolescence, thus a teenager’s self-concept are also becoming more complex than those of younger children.
abstract
Physical traits become less dominant in late adolescence, as most teenagers think of themselves in terms of _______ traits such as beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards.
enduring
The adolescent’s __________ becomes more differentiated as teenagers come to see themselves somewhat differently in each of several roles: as a student, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships.
self-concept
There is an overall rise in _______ throughout adolescence which continues to increase throughout early adulthood.
self-esteem
________ ________ is the gender-related aspects of the psychological self.
Gender-role identity
________ individuals see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits.
Androgynous
Either an ________ or a masculine gender-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among both boys and girls
androgynous
Because of a “masculine bias” in Western societies, both men and women value traditionally masculine qualities (independence and competitiveness) _______(more/less) than many traditionally feminine qualities (nurturance and gracefulness)
more
Girls with a feminine gender identity are more prone to _______, a thought process that focuses on anxiety-inducing stimuli (e.g., peer judgments of physical appearance, threats to personal security) and can lead to depression.
rumination
______ ______ is a sense of belonging to an ethnic group.
Ethnic identity
In this cultural identity, a person identifies with only one cultural group.
Categorization
In this cultural identity, a person has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within oneself
Compartmentalization
In this cultural identity, a person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself.
Integration
Greater perceived discrimination predicted _______(greater/lower) stress and ________(greater/lower) multicultural identity compartmentalization.
greater, greater
Lower perceived discrimination predicted _______(greater/lower) stress, which predicted _____(greater/lesser) multicultural identity integration
lower, greater
______ levels seem to mediate between perceived discrimination and the formation of compartmentalization vs. integration multicultural identity configurations but aren’t associated with the categorization multicultural identity configuration.
Stress
An increase in ______ in the great majority of families with teenagers doe snot necessarily signify a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship.
conflict
Teenagers’ underlying emotional attachment to their parents remains ______ on average.
strong
A teenager’s sense of well-being or happiness is _____(more/less) strongly correlated with the quality of her attachment to her parents than with the quality of her relationships with peers.
more
Popularity and peer acceptance are important elements in the selection of friends for __ to __ year olds.
12 to 15
Adolescents tend to choose friends who share their _____ status.
social
______ is a four to six young people who have frequent interaction who appear to be strongly attached to one another.
Clique
_____ is a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.
Crowd
Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age __ or __.
Same time when heterosexual peers begin to notice their attraction to the opposite sex.
11 or 12
He refined an extended Piaget’s theory of moral development. He studied Moral Development
Kohlberg
According to Kohlberg, ________ development proceeds from a concern with rewards and punishments to a focus on social conventions and rules, and then toward a sense of universal moral principles.
moral
In this level of moral development, judgments are based on sources of authority-usually parents
- consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action. The standard to judge rightness or wrongness is external to the person rather than internal.
Preconventional reasoning (level I)
This is a substage of preconventional reasoning where the child relies on the physical consequences of the action (punishment)
Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation
This is a substage of preconventional reasoning where the child or teen operates on the principle that you do things that are rewarded and avoid things that are punished.
Also called naive hedonism
Stage 2- individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
In this level of moral development, judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs.
- what the reference group says is right or wrong is gonna define what is good or bad.
Conventional reasoning (Level II)
This is a substage of conventional reasoning and also called the good boy/ nice girl stage; individuals believe that good behavior is what pleases other people.
In this stage, the person would value trust, loyalty, and maintenance of mutual relationship.
Stage 3- Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
This is a substage of conventional reasoning and also called law and order orientation; individuals focus on doing their duty, respecting authority, and following rules and laws.
Stage 4- social system and conscience
This is the final level of moral reasoning and linked to high level of thinking.
Judgments are based on emergence of a personal authority.
Postconventional reasoning (Level III)
