Chapter 12: Social and Personality development in Adolescence

Question 1

According to ______,post-pubertal years are the last stage of personality development.

Answer 1

Freud

Question 2

________ stage is the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity.

Answer 2

Genital

Question 3

The primary developmental task of the genital stage is to channel the ________ into a healthy sexual relationship.

Answer 3

libido

Question 4

A prominent feature of adolescence is the emergence of _______ _______. For Freud, these interests are the central theme of adolescence

Answer 4

romantic interests.

Question 5

What is Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective in adolescence?

Answer 5

Identity vs. role confusion

Question 6

______________ is the 5th stage of Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective. The stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are.
During this period the adolescent’s mind is in a kind of moratorium between childhood and adulthood.

Answer 6

Identity vs. role confusion

Question 7

______ is an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles.

Answer 7

Identity

Question 8

_______ _____ is the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved.

Answer 8

Identity crisis

Question 9

According to James Marcia, adolescent identity formation has two key parts:

Answer 9

crisis and commitment

Question 10

_____ is a period of decision making when old values and choices are re-examined
- can be happening at a time of upheaval or can be happening in a process that’s more gradual

Answer 10

Crisis

Question 11

In this identity status, the person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.

Answer 11

Identity achievement

Question 12

In this identity status, the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no commitment.

Answer 12

Moratorium

Question 13

This is the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment.

Answer 13

Foreclosure

Question 14

This is the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment.

Answer 14

Identity diffusion

Question 15

The quest for personal identity continues throughout the lifespan, with alternating periods of ________ and ________.

Answer 15

instability and stability

Question 16

___________ is a process by which a child or adolescent prematurely take son adult roles and responsibilities

Answer 16

Adultification

Question 17

Self-definitions become more and more ______ in adolescence, thus a teenager’s self-concept are also becoming more complex than those of younger children.

Answer 17

abstract

Question 18

Physical traits become less dominant in late adolescence, as most teenagers think of themselves in terms of _______ traits such as beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards.

Answer 18

enduring

Question 19

The adolescent’s __________ becomes more differentiated as teenagers come to see themselves somewhat differently in each of several roles: as a student, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships.

Answer 19

self-concept

Question 20

There is an overall rise in _______ throughout adolescence which continues to increase throughout early adulthood.

Answer 20

self-esteem

Question 21

________ ________ is the gender-related aspects of the psychological self.

Answer 21

Gender-role identity

Question 22

________ individuals see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits.

Answer 22

Androgynous

Question 23

Either an ________ or a masculine gender-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among both boys and girls

Answer 23

androgynous

Question 24

Because of a “masculine bias” in Western societies, both men and women value traditionally masculine qualities (independence and competitiveness) _______(more/less) than many traditionally feminine qualities (nurturance and gracefulness)

Answer 24

more

Question 25

Girls with a feminine gender identity are more prone to _______, a thought process that focuses on anxiety-inducing stimuli (e.g., peer judgments of physical appearance, threats to personal security) and can lead to depression.

Answer 25

rumination

Question 26

______ ______ is a sense of belonging to an ethnic group.

Answer 26

Ethnic identity

Question 27

In this cultural identity, a person identifies with only one cultural group.

Answer 27

Categorization

Question 28

In this cultural identity, a person has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within oneself

Answer 28

Compartmentalization

Question 29

In this cultural identity, a person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself.

Answer 29

Integration

Question 30

Greater perceived discrimination predicted _______(greater/lower) stress and ________(greater/lower) multicultural identity compartmentalization.

Answer 30

greater, greater

Question 31

Lower perceived discrimination predicted _______(greater/lower) stress, which predicted _____(greater/lesser) multicultural identity integration

Answer 31

lower, greater

Question 32

______ levels seem to mediate between perceived discrimination and the formation of compartmentalization vs. integration multicultural identity configurations but aren’t associated with the categorization multicultural identity configuration.

Answer 32

Stress

Question 33

An increase in ______ in the great majority of families with teenagers doe snot necessarily signify a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Answer 33

conflict

Question 34

Teenagers’ underlying emotional attachment to their parents remains ______ on average.

Answer 34

strong

Question 35

A teenager’s sense of well-being or happiness is _____(more/less) strongly correlated with the quality of her attachment to her parents than with the quality of her relationships with peers.

Answer 35

more

Question 36

Popularity and peer acceptance are important elements in the selection of friends for __ to __ year olds.

Answer 36

12 to 15

Question 37

Adolescents tend to choose friends who share their _____ status.

Answer 37

social

Question 38

______ is a four to six young people who have frequent interaction who appear to be strongly attached to one another.

Answer 38

Clique

Question 39

_____ is a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.

Answer 39

Crowd

Question 40

Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age __ or __.
Same time when heterosexual peers begin to notice their attraction to the opposite sex.

Answer 40

11 or 12

Question 41

He refined an extended Piaget’s theory of moral development. He studied Moral Development

Answer 41

Kohlberg

Question 42

According to Kohlberg, ________ development proceeds from a concern with rewards and punishments to a focus on social conventions and rules, and then toward a sense of universal moral principles.

Answer 42

moral

Question 43

In this level of moral development, judgments are based on sources of authority-usually parents
- consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action. The standard to judge rightness or wrongness is external to the person rather than internal.

Answer 43

Preconventional reasoning (level I)

Question 44

This is a substage of preconventional reasoning where the child relies on the physical consequences of the action (punishment)

Answer 44

Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation

Question 45

This is a substage of preconventional reasoning where the child or teen operates on the principle that you do things that are rewarded and avoid things that are punished.
Also called naive hedonism

Answer 45

Stage 2- individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 46

In this level of moral development, judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs.
- what the reference group says is right or wrong is gonna define what is good or bad.

Answer 46

Conventional reasoning (Level II)

Question 47

This is a substage of conventional reasoning and also called the good boy/ nice girl stage; individuals believe that good behavior is what pleases other people.
In this stage, the person would value trust, loyalty, and maintenance of mutual relationship.

Answer 47

Stage 3- Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 48

This is a substage of conventional reasoning and also called law and order orientation; individuals focus on doing their duty, respecting authority, and following rules and laws.

Answer 48

Stage 4- social system and conscience

Question 49

This is the final level of moral reasoning and linked to high level of thinking.
Judgments are based on emergence of a personal authority.

Answer 49

Postconventional reasoning (Level III)