Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Flashcards
_________ (12-20 years old) is the developmental period that lies between childhood and adulthood
transitional period where adolescents are no longer children but not yet adults.
Adolescence
_______ is a collective term that encompasses all the changes, both seen and unseen, that are needed for reproductive maturity.
Puberty
_________ _____ is a gland that triggers other glands to release hormones. Sometimes called master gland
Pituitary gland
_______ begins when the pituitary gland signals a child’s adrenal gland to step up its production of androgen; occurs between age 7 or 8
Adrenarche
_________ sex characteristics include growth of the testes and penis in the male, and of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female.
Primary
_________ sex characteristics include the breast development in girls, changing voice pitch and beard growth in boys, and the growth of body hair in both sexes.
Secondary
This gland influence normal brain development and overall rate of growth.
Thyroid gland
This gland influence some changes at puberty, particularly the development of secondary sex characteristics in girls
Adrenal gland
This gland is crucial in the formation of male genitals prenatally; also triggers the sequence of changed in primary and secondary sex characteristics in the male.
testes
This gland influence the development of the menstrual cycle and breasts in girls; has less to do with other secondary sex characteristics than testosterone does for boys.
ovaries
This gland influence the rate of physical maturation; signals other glands to secrete hormones.
Pituitary gland
_______ is the beginning of menstrual cycles.
Average age is 12.7
Typically occurs two years after the beginning of other visible changes and is succeeded only by the final changes of breast and pubic hair development.
Menarche
A girl’s body fat must reach a critical value of __% before menarche can occur. This reflects the critical weight hypothesis.
17
Milestones in sexual development in girls
- Peak of the growth spurt
- menarche
- Breast development
_______ trend is the decline in the average age of menarche, along with changes such as an increase in average height for both children and adults, that happened between the mid-18h and mid-19th centuries in Western countries and occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve.
Secular
On average, girls now show signs of secondary sex characteristics one to two years earlier than previous generations did.
This is due to the prevalence of ________ children.
overweight
_______ is the first ejaculation, occurs between age 13 and 14
But the production of viable sperm does not happen until a few months after the first ejaculation.
Spermarche
Milestones in sexual development in boys
- genitals increase in size
- production of viable sperm
- peak of the growth spurt
Those whose development occurs outside the desired or expected range are likely to think less well of themselves, to be less happy with their bodies and with the process of puberty. They may also display other signs of ________ distress.
psychological
_______ who develop earlier show no problems with academics or self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems. They may associate with older teens who show antisocial behaviors, and have problems later on.
Girls
_____ who develop earlier exhibit more prosocial behavior, and are more successful in adulthood.
Boys
Volume of grey matter follows an inverted ______ trajectory from early childhood to early adulthood.
U-shaped
The decreasing amount of grey matter during early adulthood may reflect the process of _________.
pruning
IN adolescence, volume of white matter steadily _____
increases
Important developmental changes during adolescence occur in the ______ ______ and ____________ _______
corpus callosum, speech-related areas
Adolescents grow __ to __ cm a year
5 to 13
Girls attain most of their adult height by age ___
16
Boys grow until they are __ to __ years old
18 to 20
In adolescence, the normal cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns are ______, so hands and feet grow first and the trunk is usually the slowest part to grow.
reversed
In healthy teenagers, the proportion of fat rises among _____ and declines among ______.
girls, boys
The birth rate for teens 15 to 19 years of age has declined by almost __% since the 1960s
50
~__% of Indigenous teens aged 15 to 19 bear a child; a rate that is 5 to 7 times higher than non-Indigenous peers.
10
Children born to ______ mothers tend to achieve developmental milestones more slowly than infants of ___ mothers
teenage, older
About __% of teens identify as exclusively heterosexual
96
As adolescents gain independence, they encounter numerous ____ risks.
health
Teenagers have a heightened level of __________ - a desire to experience increased levels of arousal such as those that accompany fast driving or the “highs” that are associated with drugs.
sensation-seeking
Sensation-seeking is associated with _____________ which, in turn leads to markedly increased rates of accidents and injuries
recklessness
Teens who spend a lot of time alone may be _____ to substance abuse.
vulnerable
____ adolescents, particularly those who are high in neuroticism, are more likely to use alcohol and drugs than peers who are more outgoing
Shy
________ parenting seems to provide high sensation-seeking teenagers with protection against their reckless tendencies.
Authoritative
Drug use among Canadian youth has been steadily _____ since the 1970s
declining
________ is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
Bulimia
________ _______ is an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
Anorexia nervosa
More ____ than ____ experience depression in their late teens
women, men
More ____ teens commit suicide compared with their ____ peers
male, female
In Canada, __% of young women and __% of young men aged 16 to 19 experienced at least one major depressive episode
25, 12
_______ is the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15 to 19.
Suicide
Completed suicide is about 3 times higher for adolescent ___ than ___ in Canada
boys, girls
Suicide attempts are estimated to be 3 times more common among ____ than _____
girls, boys
The suicide rate for First Nation, Metis, and Inuit youth in Canada is __ and __ times higher, respectively, than for non-Indigenous youth.
6 and 11
______ and ______ injury is the leading cause of death (38%) for Indigenous children 10 to 19 years of age.
Suicide and self-inflected
Factors that promote ________ ______ in Indigenous communities are related to significant suicide reduction in Indigenous youth.
cultural continuity
Six factors associated with cultural continuity
- local self-government (strongest factor)
- security over traditional lands
- band-controlled school systems
- band-controlled health services
- communal-use cultural facilities
- band-controlled police and fire services
Piaget said there’s 2 substages of formal operations. These are:
- Emergent phase
- Established phase
This phase of formal operations is seen in early adolescence (12 years).
This is characterized by variable usage of logic/ abstract thinking depending on the conditions surrounding how you have to use formal operations and how you assess it.
Emergent phase
this phase of formal operations starts at 15 years old.
- consolidated and integrated
- general approach to reasoning
- ability to think logically and abstractly is set and stable
Established phase
______________ stage is the fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts.
Formal operational
___________ problem-solving is the ability to search methodically for the answers to a problem
Ex: pendulum experiment
Systematic
_______________ reasoning is the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises.
ability to reason from the general to specific. “if all people are equal then you and I must be equal”
Hypothetico-deductive
_________ _________ is a mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning leads to this.
Naive idealism
Logical problem: “if you hit a glass with a hammer, it will break. You hit the glass with the hammer, therefore the glass broke”
This is an example of what thought?
Propositional thought
Some studies suggest that only __-__% of college/uni students and adults actually reach formal operations
40-60%
In Martorano’s cross-sectional study, only __ of the 20 grade 12 participants used formal operational logic on all 10 problems
2
Piaget’s predictions about adolescents’ thinking abilities were overly ______.
optimistic
From adolescence through adulthood, rates of formal operational thinking increase with ________.
education
Formal operational reasoning enables teens to:
- better understand figurative language (metaphors)
- critical thinking
- adolescents can become argumentative
Adolescent ___________ is the belief that one’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings are unique
“No one knows the pain that I’m feeling”
egocentrism
_______ ________ is the belief that the events of one’s life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiography.
immunity to harm
“I don’t see myself becoming pregnant if I don’t use contraception. I don’t see myself become pregnant so I’m probably not gonna get pregnant”
Personal fable
________ _______ is an internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived from a teenager’s peer group.
This goes away as you grow older.
A belief that an adolescent is the center of everyone else’s concern and attention. “Everybody sees that I’m having a bad hair day”
Imaginary audience
Two characteristics that distinguish adolescents from younger children
- The tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behavior.
- To base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future.
by age __ or __, the metacognitive and metamemory skills of adolescents far exceed those of younger children.
14 or 15
The ability to _____ written text improves gradually, but dramatically during the second half of adolescence
summarize
Lowering of voice pitch
a. signals the onset of puberty.
b. is a change in a primary sex characteristic.
c. is a change in a secondary sex characteristic.
d. occurs at Tanner’s stage 2.
C
The decrease in the age of menarche in the past century is most likely due to
a. access to better information on pubertal changes.
b. genetic changes within the overall population.
c. increases in protein and fat intake.
d. improved hygiene in developing countries.
C
The brain’s volume of grey matter _____________; white matter ______________.
a. follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory from early childhood to early adulthood; increases steadily
b. follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory from early childhood to early adulthood; has growth spurts
c. peaks at the same time for all brain regions; increases steadily
d. increases steadily; has growth spurts
A
During early adolescence, girls can outperform boys of the same age on
a. measures of heart and lung capacity.
b. tasks that require strength.
c. activities that require stamina.
d. a variety of athletic skills that require coordination.
D
Awareness of one’s sexual orientation may begin as early as
a. early childhood
b. middle childhood
c. adolescence
d. young adulthood
B
